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Com Theroy Exam 2
Com Theroy Exam 2
Chapter 9
Communication
Is a transactional process in which the ones actions have wide-ranging influences on the Actions of others. Mutual influence = Two way impact
Key Terms
Speech Act Theory Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory (CMM) Communication Accommodation Theory Expectancy Violation Theory
Assertives
You are the weakest link! The advocate that truth value of a proposition. State Claim Declare Hypothesize
TO:
Directive
That attempt to get the listener to do something
TO:
Declaratives
I am going to pass Comm. Theory By their very assertion, make something so Quit Nominate appoint Define Name
TO:
Illocutionary v/s
Perlocutionary
Illocutionary v/s
Perlocutionay
Perlocutionary
Deals with the effect on the receiver Deals with the impact on the impact of the receiver Causing the receiver to put another log on the fire or turn of the thermostat
Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory (CMM) Providing some understanding of how meanings are created, coordinated, and managed in the social world. Management Meaning Coordination The hierarchy of meaning will change depending on how well you know someone
Meaning are Managed by Rules cont. 2. Regulative Rules = Patterns of regular behavior within certain situations
If you say O.M.G. all the time when someone tells you a story, O.M.G switching from a constitutive word or phase to a Regulative word of phase because of the repetition of the use of that word or phase.
Hierarchy of meaning
A kiss in church or You can count on me can take on different meaning as the relationship changes. At the introduction phase of a relationship words or phases could take different meaning that a relationship of many years. From Dictionary content to Relationship experience
Meshing
How intentions and interpretation mesh Meaning + Action = Coordinate Two people having an argument and both people thinking that they came out on top
individual come close to the other but does not match the behavior of the other
the individual goes beyond the behavior of the other (know as mocking) aka cross-over converging the vocabulary (Uni = one) several dimensions of behavior
Symmetrical
vs.
Asymmetrical
Symmetrical : Both parties in the Interaction attempt to converge towards each other
Antecedents to Accommodation
Antecedents (aka) Cause to Accommodation
Wanting to be like another Need for social approval, especially if future interaction is likely Status & Power
Consequences of Accommodation
Depends of the interpretation we make of others accommodation Negative consequences for convergence if we perceive that the person is accommodating to curry favor. Doctor patient interaction
Arousal
causes us to pay more attention to the violation than other elements of the interaction
Chapter 10
Breadth and Depth ~ As people move through these stages, both the breadth and depth of information exchange increase
I am from Michigan I want to be the Mayor I have very few close friends I have low back pain
Relationships
We compare our outcomes in a current relationship to past relationships and to possible Future relationships Evaluating relationships in an economic fashion
Comparison level (CL) ~ Our assessment of part relationships Comparison level of alternatives (CLalt) ~ Assessment of
possible future relationships Past, Present and what else is available
Going through certain steps and checkpoints in order to reduce uncertainty about each other and form an idea of whether one likes or dislikes the other
Information-Seeking Strategies
Passive Stategies~ (aka) Observation : Watching someone in a variety of social situations. Information gathering without interaction Example:
You could watch how Glenda acts during parties especially those at which she is particularly comfortable.
Information-Seeking Strategies
Active Strategies ~ Asking questions of 3rd parties to test the rules
Individuals might ask other people questions about the target individual or might structure the environment in ways that information can be gathered. Example You could talk with Glenda s friends about her behavior or invite her to a gathering
Information-Seeking Strategies
Interactive Strategies ~ The target person is asked direct questions or in which self-disclosure is used with hope that reciprocation will lead to more information Example: You could ask Glenda yourself (interrogation) or Share your own views and hope for reciprocation
Uncertainties
verbal communication
Provides meaning
Complementary ~ based on maximizing difference, power imbalance, ( I am more important than you )
(Talking to a student, teacher or boss)
uncertainty
nonverbal
Organizational Socialization
Chapter 11
Relationship
Permeability ~ Relationships are open to environmental influence Environment ~ Can and will effect relationships Equifinality ~ Multiple ways to reach the desired level of satisfaction
Without predictability and uncertainly a Healthy Relationship would become bring and could not be sustained. Managing the tension between certainty and uncertainly is a central part of relational communication
Not a linear path to intimacy Sometimes we need for the other person to know everything All feeling and facts need not be shared
Need seclusion to bond and must negotiate the tension between doing things as a couple and doing things within a larger group Need out side exposure for stimulation support
Excessive uniqueness makes others uncomfortable (following social norms) Intimacy requires that relational partners fell different from the rest of the world Things that are only known inside the relationship
(Pet names, eating cereal from a cool whip bowl)
Going Public about one issue or another provides opportunities for support.
There are times within the relationship you will want To keep things private (mis-carriage) and other times you will want to be public (wedding)
Dialogue(Littlejohn)
Dialectics, Chronotopic similarity Self-becoming Amplitude salience
Dialogue
Used to maintain relationships ! A coming together of diverse voices in conversation Conversation that defines & redefines Relationship as they emerge in actual situations over time What we use to manage dialectical tensions
Dialogue
Can be used as a turning point in a relationship Need not be verbal comm., could be an action Self, other and relationship are constructed and maintained through talk.
Dialogue
Create moments (photos) or turning points to remember as important Retelling old stories that highlights similarity and shared experience (chronotopic similarity) Identify and reinforce difference between and others (self-becoming)
(men are from mars women are from venus)
Dialogue
Unity with in difference: Dialogue gives us a chance to achieve unity within diversity We use conversations to manage competing needs for connection and autonomy Express needs and perceptions and empathize with needs and perceptions of others
Dialogue
What changes our relationships: Amplitude: Strength of feeling and behaviors Salience: focus on past situations, present or future (babies, marriage, etc )
Dialogue
Sequence order of events in the relationship How you organize your time What you do around and with one another
Dialogue is Aesthetic
Aesthetic perceived pattern in the relationship that makes it seem identifiable, unique and whole Dialogue produces an overall sense of what the relationship is like When we talk about our relationship and tell stories about them out talk reflects that aesthetics Momentary and evolving
Narrative Paradigm
Narrative: Express and understand thru story telling which is a natural part of being human Our beliefs and behaviors are reflected in and shaped by narratives More board than theory Narrative = perspective or approach
Narrative Paradigm
In contrast to narrative , many theories of communication are grounded in rational paradigm Narration symbolic actions words and or deeds that have sequence and meaning for who create or interpret them
Narrative
We are story tellers Decision are based on good reasons Good reason are based on history Biography, Culture and chamber Rationality is based on how internally consistent and truthful stories seems We experience the world thought stories
Rational
we are rational being Decision are based on arguments Arguments should be logical and Sound Rationality is based on quality of knowledge and formal reasoning The world can fully understand though reasoning
Narrative Rationality
Traditional, test of rationality include do claims correspond to actual facts? Have all the facts been considered? Are arguments internally consistent? Does the reasoning that connects bacts and claims seem logical?
Narrative Rationality
Coherence: Structural Coherence: Do the elements of the story flow smoothly Material Coherence: Is t he character in the story Characterological: Fidelity: Does the story seem believable? Does it ring true? Fidelity: A measure of simplistic
Chapter 13
Functional Theory of Group Decision Making 1. Analysis of problem situation 2. Establish criteria for evaluation solutions 3. Consider positive & negative attributes of specific solutions 4. Must establish operating norms and procedures that guide groups communication Functional Theory argues that these functions associated with higher quality decisions
Complex cyclic path ~ Multiple problem-solution cycles Solution-oriented path ~ Centers of solutions and involves no activity to problem definition or analysis.
Fantasy Type / Vision ~ emerges when same set of themes cross several groups Once ideas goes across groups it becomes a vision