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Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed To 1918
Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed To 1918
Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed To 1918
Pagan
Pre-Mohammed believed in animist religion City of Mecca (major idol center)
Quaba
Lineage of Mohammed
Abraham Ismail Adnan
Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem Adbelmuttalib (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth
Muhammad
Ummayah Dynasty (661-750)
Mohammeds Background
Born 570 A.D. near Mecca Father died before the boy was born; Mother died when he was six. Consigned to the care of his grandfather, the head of the clan of Hashem. After the death of his grandfather, Muhammed was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib. About the year 590 A.D. entered the service of a wealthy widow named Khadijah, a caravan owner 15 years his senior who later became his first wife.
Rejection in Mecca
From about 620, ecca became actively hostile, M since much of its revenues depended on its pagan hrine, the Kaaba. s Mohammed and his followers were invited to the town of Yathrib by ewish and Christian tribes after they J were no longer welcome in Mecca. In 622, the irst year of the Muslim calendar, they set f out on the Hijra, the emigration to Yathrib, ater l renamed Medina, meaning "the city" where Mohammed concluded a treaty with he tribes of t Medina. A large number of Medinans, known as the Ansar (helpers), ere attracted to Mohammed's cause. w Early versions of slamic practice included Jewish I practices such as the fast of Yom Kippur and prayer o Jerusalem. t
These were eventually ropped, and the direction of prayer d was turned to Mecca.
Collecting Followers
Mohammed believed firmly in his position as last of the prophets and as successor of esus J and prophets before him. Therefore, he at first expected that the Jews and Christians ould w welcome him and accept his revelations, but he was soon disappointed. Medina had a large Jewish population that controlled most of the wealth of the city, nd a a portion of them at least refused to give their new ruler any kind of religious llegiance. a Mohammed, after a long quarrel, appropriated much of their property, and estroyed two d Jewish tribes, the Banu Nadir and the Banu Quraizah.
The Succession
Just before he died unexpectedly in 632, Mohammed made what is known as his Farewell Presentation. In it he made clear that his revelations were meant for all peoples of the Earth, not just Arabs and that his followers were expected to take his message to all mankind.
All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. Be my witness Oh God, that I have conveyed your message to your people.
Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martel, 732 Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691) Arabization of the empire Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science
The Golden Age of Islamic Culture and Science (c. 750 CE - c. 1258 CE)
A dedicated quest for knowledge and a burst of scientific innovation in a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society Lasted for over 5 centuries, and produced a plethora of knowledge and discoveries in all disciplines Induced the later European renaissance Repeated requests in both the Quran and the Hadith for seeking knowledge, and application of rational thinking
Seek knowledge even in China Seek knowledge from crib to grave On judgment day, the ink of scientists is valued by God higher than the blood of martyrs The two important disciplines of science are theology and biology
Hospitals:
Including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus. Mobile hospitals for emergency. Departments and University Hospitals. Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history. Threads from animals intestine. Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia. Alcohol as disinfectant. Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones
Surgery:
Autopsy:
Students training (Anatomy) Cause of death
MEDICINE
Al-Razi Rhazes (c. 865-c. 930), : was
the first to diagnose smallpox and measles, to associate these diseases and others with human contamination. His extensive medical treatise in nine volumes, "Hawi" was used as a textbook in the Sorbonne as late as 1395. Promoted psychotherapy. Stressed importance of a balanced diet for good health. Built a hospital in Baghdad.
Mathematics
Arabic numeral and the decimal system of numbers. Arithmetic. Roots and powers Algorithm The mathematical ZERO Algebra (combining fractions).
The Use of (x, y, z) to solve complex arithmetic/geometric problems
Astronomy
Astrology (myth) Astronomy (science) Movement, path, and location of planets and stars Earth is spherical and rotates along its axis and around the sun.
Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni) Calculated the time needed for one rotation around the sun (solar year) Calculated the equinoxes
CUISINE
Crusaders carried spices with them home from Palestine to western Europe. Rice, Sesame, pepper, ginger, cloves, melons and shallots, as well as dates, figs, oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits, were introduced into European cuisine via the Crusaders and the trade caravans of Eastern merchants.
The Mongols
Despite the conquest of Baghdad by the Seljuk Turks, the Abbasids still ruled nominally as Caliphs until 1258, when the Mongols sacked Baghdad. , The Mongols swept across the Middle East, reaching the Mediterranean and wreaking havoc in the already weakened remains of the Arab empire. The advance was finally stopped at the battle of Ayn Jalut near Nazereth in Palestine in 1260. The Mongols eventually converted to Islam and were integrated in the Muslim domains.
The Mamlukes
The Mamlukes were a slave caste of Turkic warriors. About 1250 they took power in Egypt from the remains of the Ayubbid dynasty founded by Saladin. It was they who defeated the Mongols at Ayn Jalut. Their rule was quickly extended over Palestine and Syria.
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Sultan Mehmet II
Topkapi Harem
Hagia Sophia
Blue Mosque