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Chapter 5 - Atomic Theory and Structure (For Entry)
Chapter 5 - Atomic Theory and Structure (For Entry)
Learning Objectives
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discuss the historical concept of atoms State the premises of Daltons Atomic Theory Identify the three most important particles of an atom. Differentiate proton, neutron and electron Determine the atomic number and mass number of an atom Calculate the isotopic mass and isotopic abundances of different atoms
TOPIC
Evolution of the Different Atomic Theories Structure of Atom and Properties of Atom
First Slide
Last Slide
The Greek Model of the Atom Daltons Atomic Theory Thomson Model Rutherford Model Bohr Model Modern Atomic Theory
Beginning with Democritus, who lived during the late 5th and early 4th centuries BC, Greek philosophers developed a theory of matter that was not based on experimental evidence, but on their attempts to understand the universe in philosophical terms.
According to this theory, all matter was composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms (from the Greek word atomos, meaning indivisible).
The Greek Model of the Atom According to the ancient Greeks, atoms were all made of the same basic material, but atoms of different elements had different sizes and shapes
The Greek Model of the Atom The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of a materials atoms determined the materials properties.
The Greek Model of the Atom Other than the atoms, matter was empty space. Atoms and empty space were believed to be the ultimate reality.
Late 1700s - John DaltonEngland Teacher- summarized results of his experiments and those of others. Daltons Atomic Theory Combined ideas of elements with that of atoms.
Think of cutting a piece of lead into smaller and smaller pieces How far can it be cut? An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element Atoms-very small still observable with proper instruments
Thomson Model
J. J. Thomson - English physicist. 1897 Made a piece of equipment called a cathode ray tube. It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been pumped out.
Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end
Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end
Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end
Thomsons Experiment
Voltage source
+
By adding an electric field he found that the moving pieces were negative (electron)
Other Particles
Proton - positively charged pieces 1840 times heavier than the electron by E. Goldstein Neutron - no charge but the same mass as a proton by J. Chadwick
Rutherford Model
Ernest Rutherford -English physicist. (1910) Believed in the plum pudding model of the atom Wanted to see how big they are.
Rutherfords Experiment
Used radioactivity. Alpha particles - positively charged pieces- helium atoms minus electrons Shot them at gold foil which can be made a few atoms thick. When an alpha particle hits a fluorescent screen, it glows. Heres what it looked like
Rutherfords Experiment
Lead block
Uranium
Fluorescent Screen
Gold Foil
Rutherfords Experiment
What he expected??
The alpha particles to pass through without changing direction very much.
Rutherfords Experiment
Because the positive charges were thought to be spread out evenly. Alone they were not enough to stop the alpha particles.
Rutherfords Experiment
What he expected..
Rutherfords Experiment
Because
Rutherfords Experiment
Rutherfords Experiment
Since he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
Rutherfords Experiment
What he got
Rutherfords Experiment
Atom is mostly empty. Small dense, positive piece at center. Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough.
Rutherfords Experiment
Rutherfords Experiment
Since most of the particles went through, it was mostly empty space. Because the pieces turned so much, the positive pieces were heavy. Small volume, big mass, big density. This small dense positive area is the nucleus.
Bohr Model
Bohr Model
Line-Emission Spectrum
excited state
ENERGY IN PHOTON OUT
ground state
Bohr Model
e- exist only in orbits with specific amounts of energy called energy levels Therefore
e- can only gain or lose certain amounts of energy only certain photons are produced
Bohrs Model
65
3 2 1
Energy of photon depends on the difference in energy levels Bohrs calculated energies matched the IR, visible, and UV lines for the H atom
Other Elements
Atomic Fingerprint
NEUTRAL BOSONS
Most of the Atoms MassEqual in a neutral atom Atomic number equals the number of.
Subatomic Particles
Quarks
He
Quarks
Neutrons and protons are made up of up quarks and down quarkstwo of the six different kinds of quarks. Quarks are unique among all elementary particles in that they have electric charges that are fractions of the fundamental charge.
Quarks
All other particles have electric charges of zero or of whole multiples of the fundamental charge. Up quarks have electric charges of +2/3. Down quarks have charges of -1/3. A proton is made up of two up quarks and a down quark, so its electric charge is 2/3 + 2/3 1/3, for a total charge of +1.
Quarks
A neutron is made up of an up quark and two down quarks, so its electric charge is 2/3 1/3 1/3, for a net charge of zero. Physicists believe that quarks are true fundamental particles, so they have no internal structure and cannot be split into something smaller.
Quarks
Physicists believe that quarks are true fundamental particles, so they have no internal structure and cannot be split into something smaller.
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2003. 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
LAST SLIDE
Structure of Atoms
Electrons
Nucleus
Electron
e-
-1
1/1840
9.11 x 10-28
Proton
p+
+1
1.67 x 10-24
Neutron
n0
1.67 x 10-24
Atomic Number
number of protons in the nucleus number of protons determines kind of atom (since all protons are alike!) the same as the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
Mass Number
Number of Electrons
An atom is neutral The net charge is zero Number of protons = Number of electrons Atomic number = Number of electrons
Atomic Symbols
Contain the symbol of the element, the mass number and the atomic number.
Atomic Symbols
mass number
23
Na
sodium-23
atomic number
11
Atomic Number
Symbol
11 Na
11 protons
11
Sodium
Na
31
15
Zn
65
30
8 p+ 8n 8 e-
15 p+ 16 n 15 e-
30 p+ 35 n 30 e-
Learning Check?
YES
NO
SKIP
Learning Check
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 1) 5 protons 2) 7 protons 3) 14 protons
B. Sulfur 1) 32 protons C. Barium 1) 137 protons 2) 81 protons 3) 56 protons 2) 16 protons 3) 6 protons
Solution
State the number of protons for atoms of each of the following: A. Nitrogen 2) 7 protons B. Sulfur 2) 16 protons
C. Barium 3) 56 protons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) with different mass numbers Isotopes of chlorine
35Cl 17 37Cl 17
chlorine - 35
chlorine - 37
Isotopes
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1 amu atom 1p 1n 1 e-
weighted average of all isotopes on the Periodic Table round to 2 decimal places
Avg. Atomic Mass
Mass of Isotope
= = 24.0 amu 25.0 amu
Abundance
78.70% 10.13%
26.0 amu
11.17%
Mg 24.3
Learning Check Calculate the avg. atomic mass of oxygen if its abundance in nature is 99.76% 16O, 0.04% 17O, and 0.20% 18O.
Solution
16.00 amu
Learning Check Find chlorines average atomic mass if approximately 8 of every 10 atoms are chlorine-35 and 2 are chlorine-37.
Solution
Learning Check
Gallium is a metallic element found in small lasers used in compact disc players. In a sample of gallium, there is 60.2% of gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and 39.8% of gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms. What is the atomic mass of gallium?
Solution
69.7 amu
Atomic Mass
Na 22.99
Listed on the periodic table Gives the mass of average atom of each element compared to
12C
Average atom based on all the isotopes and their abundance % Atomic mass is not a whole number
11
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Na 22.99
Learning Check
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place):
A. calcium B. aluminum C. lead D. barium E. iron __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
Solution
Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of each element (round to the tenths place): A. calcium _40.1 amu _
B. aluminum
C. lead D. barium
_27.0 amu _
_207.2 amu_ _137.3 amu_
E. iron
_55.8 amu__
A sample of boron consists of 10B (mass 10.0 amu) and 11B (mass 11.0 amu). If the average atomic mass of B is 10.8 amu, what is the % abundance of each boron isotope?
10.8
1080
80% 11B
Learning Check
Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9 amu) and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the % abundance of each isotope? (Hint: Check periodic table for atomic mass)
1) 30% 2) 70% 3) 100%
Solution
2) 70%