Job Analysis & Design (JAD)

Chapter 1 & 2

Introduction Methods of Job Analysis Work-Oriented Methods

Building Blocks of Job Analysis Methods

Kinds of job data collected Methods of gathering data Sources of job information Units of analysis-what gets analyzed, including the level of detail

Descriptors-Kinds of data collected

Organizational philosophy and structure Licensing and other government-mandated requirement Responsibilities Professional standards Job context Products and services Machines tools, equipment, work aids, and checklists Work performance indicators Personal job demands Elemental motions Workers activities Work activities Workers characteristic requirements Future changes Critical incidents

Methods of data collection

Observing Interviewing individuals Group interviews Technical conference Questionnaires Dairies Equipment based methods Reviewing records Reviewing literature Studying equipment design specifications Doing the work

Sources of job analysis data

The job analyst The jobholders immediate supervisor A high-level executive or manager The jobholder A technical expert such as a chemist or college professor An organizational training specialist Clients or customers Other organizational units Written documents Previous job analyses

Units of analysis

Duties Tasks Activities Elemental motions Job dimensions Worker characteristics requirements Scales applied to units of work Scales applied to worker characteristic requirements Qualitative versus quantitative analysis

Job analysis methods

Methods of job analysis

Work-oriented methods Worker-oriented methods Hybrid methods

Work Oriented Methods

Time and motion study Functional job analysis (FJA)

Department of labor (DOL) method Fines FJA Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program Work Performance Survey System

Task Inventory

Critical incident technique

Primary Function of Work-Oriented method

The primary function of work-oriented job analysis method is to allow the job analyst to understand what the worker does in the job and to document and communicate that understanding. The four methods differ from each other in achieving the above purpose.

Time and Motion Study

Evolved from Industrial engineering not from Industrial psychology

Frederick Taylor Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Brick-layers and physically disabled workers

Mostly used in manufacturing and construction industries

Time and Motion Study

Time Study discover the time taken to complete a given task/job

Motion Study discover the sequence of steps in completing a task Effectiveness and efficiency are improved through a deliberate process designed as result of time and motion study.

Time Study

Work sampling Standard setting

Stopwatch time study Predetermined time systems Industry standard data

Motion study

Graphs and Flowcharts Micromotion analysis Recording techniques

Functional job analysis (FJA)

Functional job analysis (FJA)

Department of labor (DOL) method Fines FJA

U.S. department of labor DOL was tasked to match people to the jobs DOL apart from administrative functions information considered necessary to match people and jobs were: Description of work Description of workers qualifications

Initially each agency compiled information based on their sources, created own job titles having own meaning. Lack of common language failed the purpose First in 1939 Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT 1939) was published Later O*NET (Occupational information Network) was developed and replaced DOT

Job Description from DOT

Fundamental Distinction of FJA

What gets done versus what the worker does

Jobs goals aims, responsibilities but what steps required to accomplish them?

Worker Functions

FJA based on three aspects of work

Data People Things In FJA functions with in data, people, things are arranged in hierarchy of complexity.

Sample definitions of worker function

FJA Job Analysis procedure

Job analyst gathers information

Books , periodicals etc Flow charts, organizational charts Early job descriptions From other agencies

Describing the work

Worker functions (data, people, things) Work fields Methods verbs Machines, tool, equipment and work aids (MTEWA) Materials, products, subject matter, and services (MPSMS)

FJA Grammar

Structure of task statement

Fines FJA

Additional scales

Work involvement Reasoning development Mathematical development Language development

Task Inventories

Comprehensive occupational data program CODAP Work performance survey system WPSS