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Ruby and NdYAG Lasers
Ruby and NdYAG Lasers
Ruby lasers Ruby [Al2O3:Cr 3+(~0,05%)] is an aluminum oxide crystal in which some of the aluminum atoms have been replaced with chromium atoms. Chromium gives ruby its characteristic red color and is responsible for the lasing behavior of the crystal. Chromium atoms absorb green and blue light and emit or reflect only red light. For a ruby laser, a crystal of ruby is formed into a cylinder. A fully reflecting mirror is placed on one end and a partially reflecting mirror on the other. A high-intensity lamp is spiraled around the ruby cylinder to provide a flash of white light that triggers the laser action.
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
4T 1
Fast decay
2A
E
Laser transition
694nm
4A 2
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Typical system
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Ruby laser
First laser: Ted Maiman Hughes Research Labs 1960
Laser beam
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Nd:YAG laser
Relevant energy levels of Nd
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Elliptical cavity
Nd 3+ :YAG (single crystal, nano-powders in the form of disks are being developed)
1064 nm : emission wavelength CW ~100W Pulsed~100J(ms) Q-switched ~100 GW(10-20ns) Glass as host, pulsed oscillator-amplifier chains for fusion Frequency doubling: 532nm (green); 1st harmonic 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
1. Active Material: Al2O3,YAG, BeAl2O4, YVO4 2. Beam Modification (Q-switching): Al2O3 3. Frequency mixing : LiNbO3, KDP,ADP,KTP CsLiB6O10 (CLBO), .. 4. Components (windows, lenses etc): ZnSe, CdTe, NaCl, Al2O3, . Organic materials are catching up Doped crystals/pure crystals
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Crystal growth techniques 1. Solution Growth 2. Growth from the melt 3. Growth from vapour The fundamentals are relatively simple but the interactions involved and the individuality of the different materials are so complex that theoretical predictions have met with very limited success. To-date CRYSTAL GROWTH REMAINS AN ART.
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only
Final crystal
Lecture on ruby and Nd:YAG lasers for internal use in LPU only