TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Transportation
 Transportation

is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by modes, modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be space. divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and infrastructure, vehicles, operations. operations.

Transportation infrastructure
      

Roads and highway networks, including structures (bridges, tunnels, (bridges, tunnels, culverts, culverts, retaining walls), electrical systems (street lighting and traffic walls), (street lights) lights) and edge treatments (curbs, sidewalks, landscaping) sidewalks, landscaping) Railways, Railways, including structures, terminal facilities (rail yards, train stations), level crossings, signaling and communications systems Canals and navigable waterways requiring continuous maintenance (dredging, etc.) Seaports and lighthouses Airports, Airports, including air navigational systems Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways, subways, tramways, trolleys and bus terminals) terminals) Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways

Construction of roads


Road construction requires the creation of a right-of-way, continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to travel. permit vehicle or foot travel. and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, embankments, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying deforestation) material. of pavement material. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.

Types of roads in INDIA:

 National

highways  State highways  Major district roads  Other district roads  Village roads

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS:


National Highways are the primary long-distance longkm, roadways. They span about 67,000 km, of which about 200 km (120 mi) are designated expressways and mi) 10,000 km (6,200 mi) have four lanes or more. Indian highways constitute approximately 2% of the total road network of India, but carry nearly 40% of the total traffic.

STATE HIGHWAYS:


State Highway refers to the numbered highways which are laid and maintained by the State Government. The State Highways usually are roads which link important cities , towns , district headquarters within the state and connecting them with National Highways or Highways of the neighbouring states. These highways provide connections to industries / places from key areas in the state making them more accessible.

MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS:

 These

are important roads within a district connecting areas of production with markets and connecting these with each other or with the State Highways & National Highways. It also connects Taluka headquarters and rural areas to District headquarters within the state.

OTHER DISTRICT ROADS AND VILLAGE RAODS:



The rural roads in India forms a substantial portion of the vast Indian road network. Most of the rural roards were initially sand-roads. sandBecause the agricultural produce and the finished products of smallsmallscale industries in rural areas are to be moved from the producing centres to the marketing centres, the road connectivity is essential for rural population.

EXPRESSWAYS:


The Expressways of India make up approximately 200 km (120 mi) mi) of the Indian National Highway System. System.

Expressways in India: Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway Delhi Gurgaon Expressway Mumbai Pune expressway Noida Greater Noida Expressway Delhi Noida direct Flyway Jaipur Kishangarh expressway Durgapur Expressway Belghoria Expressway Panipat Elevated Expressway