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Sukumar
Sukumar
AMINO ACIDS
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Structure
Generally amino acids are defined as the building blocks of proteins. acid residue joined to its neighbour by a specific type of covalent bond. are commonly found in proteins. be discovered was asparagine, in 1806. The last of the 20 to be found, threonine, was not identified until 1938. the common amino acids are alpha-amino acids. are 2 functional groups present in amino acids:
Each amino
These amino
carbon atom.
| H2N C COOH | H
are grouped into five main classes based on the properties of their R groups , in particular, their polarity. the R groups varies widely, from non polar and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) to highly polar and hydrophilic (water-soluble).
3.Polar uncharged R groups 4.Positively charged R groups 5.Negatively charged R groups Non polar ,aliphatic R group:
The R groups
hydrophobic.
The side chains
of alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine tend to cluster together within proteins, stabilizing protein structure by means of hydrophobic interactions. the simplest structure. Although it is formally nonpolar, its very small side chain makes no real contribution to hydrophobic interactions. one of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, has a nonpolar thioether group in its side chain. has an aliphatic side chain with a distinctive cyclic 3/5/12 structure.
Glycine has
Methionine, Proline
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Aromatic R Groups:
Phenylalanine,
tyrosine, and tryptophan, with their aromatic side chains, are relatively nonpolar (hydrophobic) in hydrophobic interactions. The hydroxyl group of tyrosine can form hydrogen bonds. of these amino acids are more soluble in water, or more hydrophilic. class of amino acids includes serine,threonine, cysteine, asparagine, and glutamine. are those that are either positively or negatively charged. group includes lysine,arginine,histidine.
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The two amino acids having R groups with a net negative charge at pH 7.0 are aspartate and glutamate. which has a second carboxyl group.
Each of
acid is dissolved in water, it exists in solution as the dipolar ion, or zwitterion (German forhybrid ion). base. as either an acid (proton donor) or as a
Ampholytes:
Substances
having this dual nature are amphoteric and are often called ampholytes (from amphoteric electrolytes). acid, such 3/5/12 as alanine, is a diprotic acid when fully protonatedit has two
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