PREPARED BY, SHIRIN.M.M. EC-3 , S6 R.

NO:38

OVERVIEW
Introduction Continue of diamondchip Invention of diamond chip What is diamondchip? Why the name diamondchip? How is it possible? Some facts About graphene About carbon nanotube Properties Advantages Limitations Applications Conclusion references

Electronics without silicon is unbelievable. Today, we are using silicon for the manufacturing of Electronic Chip's. But, it has many disadvantages , when it is used in power electronic applications, such as bulk in size, slow operating speed etc. Silicon chip, which has supplied several decades worth of remarkable increases in computing power and speed, looks unlikely to be capable of sustaining this pace for more than another decade .

Carbon, Silicon and Germanium belong to the same group in the periodic table.
They have four valance electrons in their outer shell. Pure Silicon and Germanium are semiconductors in normal temperature. So in earlier days they were used widely for the manufacturing of electronic components.

But later it was found that Germanium has many disadvantages compared to silicon, such as large reverse current, less stability towards temperature etc. So the industry focused in developing electronic components using silicon wafers.

Now research people found that Carbon has more advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the manufacturing material, we can achieve smaller, faster and stronger chips.

A diamond semiconductor operates on 81 GHz frequency, and is more than twice the speed of earlier devices. Developed by the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japan. According to NTT, this latest development will allow amplification in the millimeter-wave band from 30 to 300 GHz possible for the first time.

In single definition, Diamond Chip or carbon Chip is an Electronic Chip manufactured on a Diamond structural Carbon wafer. OR It can also be defined as the Electronic Chip manufactured using carbon as the wafer.

Why the name DIAMOND CHIP??

Lonsdaleite is an sp3 bondage allotropic form of carbon i.e. 3dimentional CNT. Crystal structure of Lonsdaleite looks exactly like diamond.

(a)

(b) Fig (a): Lonsdaleite Structure. (b):crystal structure of Lonsdaleite.

Firstly, diamond structural carbon is nonconducting in nature. To make it conducting - doping process is performed. Boron--as the p-type doping Agent Nitrogen--as the n-type doping agent. This process is similar to Silicon chip manufacturing. But this process will take more time compared with that of silicon because it is very difficult to diffuse through strongly bonded diamond structure.

Some facts
Carbon

is not a semiconductor. Some of the carbon allotropes acts as semiconductor. The functionality of graphene. The functionality of nanotubes.

Fig: Carbon atom.

Graphene..
allotrope of carbon. structure is one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bondage densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.
Fig : Graphene sheet in planer structure.

Properties:
It has a remarkably high electron mobility at room temperature. Graphene structure can be doped easily. Can be converted back to its undoped.

What is carbon nano tube?

Just fold the graphene sheet into a tube like structure It is a nanosize cylinder of carbon atoms. It has less than one nanometer diameter.

Fig :View of CNT.

Fig:Carbon nanotubes made step by step.

Types of nano tubes

CARBON NANOTUBES

SINGLE WALLED (SWNT)

MULTI WALLED (MWNT)

Fig: All SWNT structures.

ZIGZAG

ARMCHAIR

CHIRAL

Fig:multiwalled

PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Properties

1 Strength 2 Hardness 3 Electrical 4 Thermal 5 One-dimensional transport

PROPERTIES
HARDNESS

It can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation.

STRENGTH

Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively.

Properties
ELECTRICAL

High electrical conductivity (10-6 ohm). Do not suffer from electro migration or atomic diffusion and thus can carry high current densities (107 -109 A/cm2 ),which is 1000 times that of copper. Both metal and semiconductor can be formed.

Properties.

THERMAL :

The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 C in vacuum and about 750 C in air.

ONE DIMENTIONAL TRANSPORT :

Because of the nanoscale dimensions, electrons propagate only along the tube's axis. Carbon nanotubes are frequently referred to as one-dimensional
Fig: Flow of electrons In Carbon Nanotubes.

 Smaller It

Components Are Possible

Works At Higher Temperature

Than Silicon Chip Power Handling Capacity

Faster Larger

 Smaller
As

Components Are Possible

the size is smaller -- it is possible to cut very smaller lines through diamond structural carbon. We can imagine a transistor whose size is one-hundredth of silicon transistor.

 It

Works At Higher Temperature

At

very high temperature, crystal structure of the silicon will collapse. diamond chip can function well in these elevated temperatures.

But

Diamond

has an extremely high thermal conductivity, can withstand high electric fields, and can be made into a semiconductor -- ideal for power devices.

 It

Works At Higher Temperature (contd..)

They can work at a temperature of up to 1000 degrees Celsius, while silicon chips stop working above 150 degrees Celsius Diamond can also resist voltages up to around 200 volts, compared to around 20 volts for a silicon chip. Due to this power electronics, such as an inverter, can become made much smaller in size.

 Faster

Than Silicon Chip

Mobility

of the electrons inside the doped diamond structural carbon is higher than that of in the silicon structure. the size of the silicon is higher than that of carbon, the chance of collision of electrons, with larger silicon atoms increases as compared to carbon chip.

As

 Larger

Power Handling Capacity

Diamond

has a strongly bonded crystal structure. So carbon chip can work under high power environment. is assumed that a carbon transistor will deliver one watt of power at rate of 100 GHZ. inter phase between low power control circuit with a high power circuit will not be needed as we can directly connect high power circuits with a diamond chip.

It

The

Much more expensive than silicon A four-millimeter-square diamond substrate costs several tens of thousands of yen compared to virtually nothing for silicon. Electricity cannot travel smoothly through diamond
Researches

are seeking impurities that can be added to aid electricity flow.

APPLICATIONS
Information

and Communications, Materials and Manufacturing, Biomedical, Energy and Environmental, Transportation Consumer goods.

The chip would be most useful in devices located near hot-burning engines. Thus Diamond Chip replaces the need of silicon chip in every aspect in future generations

REFERENCES
http://www.authorstream.com http://www.seminarprojects.com http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.jpl.nasa.gov http://www.google.com http://cnx.org/content/m22580/latest http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/stud y-carbon-nanotubes-make-bestsemiconductors-487 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org

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