SUBMITTED BY: PABBA MAHANTH 08BEC230 K PRUDVI TEJA REDDY 08BEC149

SKIN DEPTH

Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to distribute itself within a conductor unevenly.

Twisted-pair Cable
Two conducting wires wound together. The number of twist per unit length has the effect on the quality of the cable.

How Twisted-pair cable reduce noise:

Interference from devices such as a motor can create unequal noise over two parallel lines. Since the wires are twisted around each other at regular intervals, each wire is closer to the noise source for half of the time and farther for the other half. Both receive the same amount of noise. The noise from two wires cancel each other out at the receiver.

Types:

Unshielded TP

Shielded TP

Advantages:
It is a thin flexible and cheap cable. Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented. High bandwidths.

Its major application is in terrestrial telephone communications.

Coaxial Cable:
Coax has a central core conductor of solid or stranded wire (usually copper). The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor, which completes the circuit. Both the conductors are separately enclosed in an insulating sheath, and the whole cable is protected by a plastic cover.

 Inner conductor carries signal. Outer one serves as shield against noise and as the second conductor, which completes the circuit. Coax carries signals of higher frequency ranges (higher Bandwidth).

Coaxial Cable Applications:

Most versatile medium Television distribution Ariel to TV Cable TV Long distance telephone transmission Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously Being replaced by fiber optic Short distance computer systems links Local area networks

Strip Lines
A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line.

Stripline transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and magnetic field lines.

Advantages:
It is a planar-type of transmission line that lends itself well to microwave integrated circuitry and photolithographic fabrication as it is light and compact. Since stripline has 2 conductors and a homogeneous dielectric, it can support a TEM wave.

Micro-strip lines:
A microstrip is similar to stripline transmission line except that the microstrip is not sandwiched, it is on a surface layer, above a ground plane. It can be fabricated by photolithographic process and is easily integrated with other passive and active microwave devices.

Microstrip transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and magnetic field lines.

Advantages:
Microwave components such as antennas, couplers, filters, power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip. The device is very light and compact. Relatively less expensive than waveguides.

Comparison of Strip lines and micro strip lines:

WAVEGUIDE
In general, a waveguide consists of a hollow

metallic tube of arbitrary cross section uniform in extent in the direction of propagation. Common waveguide shapes are rectangular, circular, and ridged. Waveguides are used principally at frequencies in the microwave range

CLASSIFICATION
Waveguides can be generally classified as

either metal waveguides or dielectric waveguides. The waves propagating inside the metal waveguide may be characterized by reflections from the conducting walls. The dielectric waveguide consists of dielectrics only and employs reflections from dielectric interfaces to propagate the electromagnetic wave along the waveguide.

CHARACTERISITCS
In waveguides the electric and magnetic fields are

confined to the space within the guides. Thus no power is lost to radiation. Operating modes are TE or TM modes (cannot support a TEM mode). Must operate the waveguide at a frequency above the respective TE or TM mode cut off frequency for that mode to propagate. Lower signal attenuation at high frequencies than transmission lines. Metal waveguides can transmit high power levels. The fields of the propagating wave are spread more uniformly over a larger cross-sectional area than the small cross-section transmission line.

RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

Commonly used rectangular waveguides have an aspect

ratio of approx. 0.5.

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE

CO-PLANAR WAVEGUIDE
A coplanar line is a structure in which all the conductors supporting wave propagation are located on the same plane, i.e. generally the top of a dielectric substrate.
Two types of CPW:-

1. "Classic" coplanar waveguide (CPW) 2. Finite ground-plane coplanar waveguide (FGCPW)

Classic Coplanar Waveguide

"Classic" coplanar waveguide (CPW) is formed from a conductor separated from a pair of ground planes, all on the same plane, atop a dielectric medium. In the ideal case, the thickness of the dielectric is infinite; in practice, it is thick enough so that EM fields die out before they get out of the substrate.

Finite Ground-plane Coplanar Waveguide

A variant of coplanar waveguide is formed when a ground plane is provided on the opposite side of the dielectric, which is called finite ground-plane coplanar waveguide (FGCPW), or more simply, grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW).

Advantages:
The advantages of coplanar waveguide are that active

devices can be mounted on top of the circuit, like on microstrip. More importantly, it can provide extremely high frequency response (100 GHz or more) since connecting to CPW does not entail any parasitic discontinuities in the ground plane. In terms of circuit isolation, great isolation can be achieved using CPW, because there are always RF grounds between traces