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Blood Transfusion Kiran
Blood Transfusion Kiran
Blood Transfusion
Dr. kiran kumar
2nd MDS Gitam Dental college and Hospital
Blood Groups
Carl landsteiner-1909- first gave the classification 19 Blood group systems & Over 200 antigens were identified
RBCS
WBCS
PLATELETS
FFP
CRYO
PPF
packed
frozen
washed
cryopresipitate
Selection of Components
Most patients require only one particular component Better patient management is achieved by giving only the desired and/or essential component. Blood products have a greater shelf life Blood filtration and other techniques makes Blood safer Blood products can often be infused regardless of ABO Blood group
Apheresis
Process of removing a specific component of the Blood such as platelets, and returning the remaining components to the donor.
Allows more of one particular part of the blood to be collected than could be separated from a unit of whole blood
blood donation:
300-400ml of whole blood is collected + 63ml of citrate phosphate dextrose is added
storage period is 21days at a temperature of -2 to 6c. As 2-3diphospho glycerate increases - release of oxygen reduced.
Rigth IV selection:
The size of the IV catheter is important. Too small = hemolysis = wasted infusion Need at least a 20G but preferably an 18G.
Recommended rate of transfusion intially for the first 15 min it should be 10 drops/min later 40 drops/min
Hemoglobin concentration:
Hemoglobin > 10 g/dL -- transfusion is rarely indicated.
Hemoglobin 7-10 g/dL -- indications for transfusion should be based on the patient's risk of inadequate oxygenation from ongoing bleeding and/or high-risk factors . Hemoglobin < 7 g/dL -- transfusion is almost always indicated. TRANSFUSION THRESHOLD LEVEL 7g/dl
7/30 rule
SPECIAL SITUATIONS: Severe Thalassemia Or Other Congenital Anemia. Sickle Cell Disease Burn Patients .
RBC Transfusion
Packed RBC:
Stored under refrigeration for 42 days May be frozen for up to 10 years. One unit contains approx 180ml of red cells Does not provide platelets or coagulation factors All RBC transfusions must be ABO/Rh compatible
INDICATIONS:
Hemoglobin levels less than 7/8g/dl or hemocrit level less than 30-40%.
Platelet Transfusion
Colour - cloudy and yellowish Red blood cell compatibility is generally not necessary
INDICATIONS: Purpura.
Aplastic anemia. Chemotherapy induced leukemia. Disseminated intra vascular coagulation(DIC). Thrombocytopenia.
17,600
105,600
Pt.`s with more than 50,000- not required Pt.`s with less than 20,000- required if C/F are seen.
FFP
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is the plasma from a unit of whole Blood and frozen at or below -18 c within 8 hours Kept in a frozen state for one year Qty : 225 ml Must be ABO compatible with the recipients red cells Rh need not be considered. Control bleeding due to low levels of clotting factors
INDICATIONS:
Clotting deficiencies. Reversal of warfarin effect. Antithrombin 111 deficiencies.
Cryoprecipitate
Indications: Acute hemorrhagic episodes of hemophilia Burns- b/o high opsonin conc. Septicemia.
SYPTOMS:
Chills , fever Facial flushing Hypotension Chest pain Dyspnea Generalized bleeding Renal failure DIC
Hemoglobinemia Shock Hemoglobinuria Nausea Vomitting Back pain Pain along infusion vein
MANAGEMENT:
FIRSTStop the transfusion Keep the line open with the 0.9% NS Stay with the client. Monitor Vital signs. Record and Collect urine specimen Return blood, bag, tubing, labels, transfusion record to the blood bank
MANAGEMENT: Anti histaminic drugs Analgesics Corticosteroids IV fluids for renal clearance.
COMPLICATIONS:
Acute kidney failure Anemia Lung dysfunction Shock.
Late
Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions. Sensitization/Alloimmunization. Immune suppression. Graft-vs-Host disease. Transfusion iron overload (haemosiderosis)
Transfusion Alternatives
Acute Volume Repalcement (volume expanders)
Dextran/ Gelatin/HES-Hydroxy ethyl starch)
Autologous transfusion
Preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) Cell salvage : Intraoperative blood salvage, Postoperative blood salvage
JEHOVAH`S WITNESSES:
Reservation of blood
Conclusion
Avoid unnecessary transfusions Transfusion of a single unit is often unnecessary
REFERENCES:
Text book of General Medicine-Davidson Physiology- Sembulingam. Pharmacology- satoskar. Hand book of transfusion medicine-Mc clelland. Practice guidelines to blood transfusion-American red cross. Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations- WHO recommendations