CHAPTER 1

TRANSPORT

1.4

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Body cells

Internal environment (Interstitial fluid & blood plasma)

Venule Arteriole

Lymphatic capillaries containing lymph Blood capillaries

4 Blood plasma is hypertonic to interstitional fluid & blood pressure is much lower--About 85 % of the interstitial fluid re-enters the capillaries at the venous end 4

THE FORMATION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID

1 Blood at the arterial end of capillaries is under high pressure

1 2 2 The high pressure causes fluid from the blood plasma (except erythrocytes, plasma proteins and platelets) to diffuse into the spaces between the cells through the wall of the capillaries

3 The exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the body cells occurs in the interstitial fluid

BAGAIMANA BENDALIR LIMFA TERBENTUK

Tekanan hidrostatik darah lebih tinggi drpd tekanan osmotik darah
HUJUNG ARTERIOL

Bhn-bhn dlm plasma darah terturas keluar merentas dinding kapilari darah ke dlm ruang antara sel = bendalir tisu

Tekanan hidrostatik lebih rendah drpd tekanan osmotik darah

HUJUNG VENUL

90% bhn-bhn bendalir tisu meresap masuk semula ke dlm kapilari darah di hujung venul 10% meresap ke dlm kapilari limfa

THE FORMATION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID

The interstitial fluid must be returned to the circulatory system to maintain the normal blood volume The remaining 15 % in the interstitial fluid will be sent back to circulatory system through the lymphatic system

THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID

It contains water, dissolved nutrients, hormones, waste products , gases and small proteins from the blood It also contains leucocytes which are able to pass through the opening of the blood capillaries It , however, does not contain plasma proteins, erythrocytes and platelets as they are too large to pass through the wall of the blood capillaries

4 Blood plasma is hypertonic to interstitial fluid & blood pressure is much lower--About 85 % of the interstitial fluid re-enters the capillaries at the venous end 4 5

THE FORMATION OF LYMPH

1

Blood at the arterial end of capillaries is under high pressure

1 5 2 2

The remaining 15% enters the lymph capillaries to form lymph 3 The exchange of substances between the blood capillaries and the body cells occurs in the interstitial fluid

The high pressure causes fluid from the blood plasma (except erythrocytes, protein plasma and platelets) to diffuse into the spaces between the cells through the wall of the capillaries

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The system consists of : A network of lymph capillaries
Located in the space between the cells The interstitial fluid that has not reabsorbed into the bloodstream goes into these capillaries The fluid in these capillaries is called lymph

Larger lymphatic vessels

Made up of a convergence of lymphatic capillaries The vessel have one-way valves to prevent the backflow of lymph From these vessels , the lymph eventually drains into either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct

Lymph nodes
Located at intervals along the lymphatic vessels They produce and store lymphocytes They help to protect the body against infections

THE STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymph node

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left upper limb and the entire body below the ribs. The lymph from this duct is emptied into the left subclavian vein , hence, being returned into the blood circulatory system The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right arm, shoulder area and the right side of the head and neck. The lymph from this duct is emptied into the right subclavian vein hence, being returned into the blood circulatory system

The lymph moves towards the subclavian veins with the help of : One-way valves along the lymphatic vessels

Contractions of the surrounding skeletal

muscles Intestinal movement

The changes in the pressure that occur

during inhalation and exhalation

THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN TRANSPORT

1. Maintain the fluid balance in the body to prevent:a) the body tissues from becoming swollen due to too much of fluid b) oedema an excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in the spaces between the cells which blocks the lymphatic vessels 2. To make sure water, nutrients and other molecules leaked out before are returned to the blood circulatory system Transporting tiny droplets of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream.

3.

More leucocytes