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High Speed Networks
High Speed Networks
CONTENTS
What is ISA Need of ISA Internet Traffic
- Elastic Traffic - Inelastic Traffic
ISA Approach ISA Functions ISA Components ISA Services Queuing Discipline
-FIFO Queuing -FQ (Fair Queuing) -PS (Processor sharing) -BRFQ (Bit-Round Fair Queuing) -GPS (Generalized Processor Sharing) -WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing)
WHAT IS ISA
Internet IP were designed to provide a best effort fair delivery services. Internet treats all packets equally. As the level of traffic on the network grows and congestion occurs,all packets delivery is slowed down. In congestion packets are dropped. Due to increase in volume and introduction of Real-Time application, IP are inadequate. To cope with this it is not enough to increase Internet capacity . Effective methods for managing the traffic and controlling congestion are needed. We have two Traffic Management frame works - INTEGRATED SERVICES -DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES.
NEED OF ISA
IPv4 header is equipped with fields that can specify precedence and type of service. This information is ignored by ROUTER. REAL-TIME applications are not well supported by such a configuration. Alternative is to use ATM . But changing from IP to ATM is very costly . Strong need is to use QoS (Quality of Service) requirement with the help of TCP/IP architecture. Fundamental requirement is to add new functionality to ROUTER. To meet this IETF is developing a suit of standard under the umbrella of ISA (Integrated Services Architecture). ISA intended to provide QoS transport over IP based internet.
INTERNET TRAFFIC
Traffic on internet can be divided into two broad catagories: - ELASTIC TRAFFIC - INELASTIC TRAFFIC.
ELASTIC TRAFFIC
Elastic traffic can adjust over wide range, to changes in delay and throughput. This is traditional type of traffic supported on IP-based internet. Applications that can be classified as elastic include common application that operate on TCP or UDP , includes - E-mail : is generally insensitive to changes in delay. - FTP : when file transfer is done on-line ,user expects the delay to be proportional to the file size. - Web access are quite sensitive to delay.
INELASTIC TRAFFIC
Inelatic traffic does not easily adapt to changes in delay and throughput across the internet. Example is REAL-TIME application. Requirements for INELASTIC TRAFFIC may include the following - THROUGHPUT: A minimum Throughput value is required . - DELAY : An ex. Of delay sensitive application is stock Market, someone who receives later service will act later ,that is a disadvantage. - JITTER : The larger the allowable delay variation, the longer the real delay in delivering the data.Upper bound on Jitter is required.
- PACKET LOSS :Real time applications vary in amount of packet loss ,if any ,they can sustain.
This requirements are difficult to meet in an environment with variable queuing delays and congestion losses. the internet architecture Inelastic traffic introduces two new requirements 1) Some means is needed to give preferential treatment to application with more demanding requirements. 2) Elastic traffic must still be supported ,so in times of congestion, inelatic traffic will continue to supply a high load and elastic traffic will be crowded off the internet.
ISA Approach
The purpose of ISA is to enable the provision of QoS support over IP-based internets . The central design issue for ISA is how to share the available capacity in times of congestion. In IP-based internet ,tools for controlling congestion and providing services are limited.
Routers have two mechanisms to work with: - ROUTING ALGORITHM: Most routing protocols in use in internet allow routes to be selected to minimize delay.
- PACKET DISCARD : When a routers buffer over flows ,it discards packets ,the most recent packet is discarded.
ISA Functions
ISA makes use of following functions to manage congestion and provide QoS transport : Admission Control Routing Algorithm Queuing discipline Discard Policy.
ISA COMPONENTS
Routing Protocols Reservation Protocol Admission Control Management Agent
Routing Database
BACKGROUND FUNCTIONS
FORWARDING FUNCTIONS
ISA Components
RESERVATION PROTOCOL: This protocol is used among Routers and between routers and end systems to reserve resources for a new flow. RSVP protocol is used for this purpose. ADMISSION CONTROL : When a new flow is requested ,the RESERVATION PROTOCOL invokes the ADMISSION CONTROL function ,it determines if sufficient resources are available for the flow. MANAGEMENT AGENT : It is able to modify the traffic control database and to direct admission control policies. ROUTING PROTOCOL : It is responsible for maintaining a routing database. CLASSIFIER & ROUTE SELECTION: For the purpose of forwarding and traffic control ,incoming packets must be mapped into classes. PACKET SCHEDULER : It manages one or more queues for each output port.It determines the order in which packets are transmitted.
ISA Services
Currently three catagories of services are defined: Guaranteed Controlled load Best effort
Queuing Discipline
The important component of an ISA implementation is the Queuing discipline used at the routers. Routers traditionally have used a FIFO queuing discipline also known as FCFS. When a new packet arrives it is placed at the end of the queue.
FIFO
Flow 1 Flow 2
Multiplexed
Xmit
Output
Flow N
Drawbacks Of FIFO
No special treatment is given to packets from flows that are of higher priority or more delay sensitive.
If smaller packets are queued behind a long packet ,then flows of larger packets get better service.
Queues are serviced in Round Robin fashion, taking one packet from each non empty queue in turn.
Flow 1
Multiplexed Output
Flow 2
Xmit
Flow N
Flow 1
Flow 2
Flow 3
1 FIFO
FQ
Same as FIFO
2 BRFQ 3 2 3 1
If the weight for a given flow is 5, then during each round that the queue is non empty, 5 bits will be transmitted.
CONCLUSION
ISA provides effective methods for managing the traffic and controlling the congestion. RSVP and OSPF protocols are used to make reservation and select routes based on QoS. Queuing discpline ,a vital element of ISA is an effective queuing policy that takes into account the different requirements of different flows. Discard policy determines which packet to transmit next if a number of packets are queued for the same port.
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