The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets

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The Internet
The internet A network of networks The internet transmits data from one computer
(called a host) to another

Internet networks Linked networks that work much the same

way -- they pass data around in packets, each of which carries the addresses of its sender and receiver Schematic
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Internet Discussion (1)

A global network connecting millions of computers. As of 1999, the Internet has more than 200 million users worldwide, and that number is growing rapidly. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.
Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly
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Internet Discussion (2)

well.
There are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online services, such as America Online, offer access to some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Note: York Universitys CCS (Computer and Communications Services) is an ISP.

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How the Internet Works

Transport control protocol (TCP) A protocol that operates at the transport layer and is

used in combination with IP by most Internet applications Backbone An Internet high-speed, long distance communications links (like a bus; wire that connects nodes) Uniform resource locator (URL) An assigned address on the Internet for each computer E.g., http://www.yorku.ca/
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Domain Affiliations
Domain arts com edu firm gov info mil nom net org rec store web net ITEC 1010 Affiliations cultural and entertainment activities business organizations educational sites businesses and firms government sites information service providers military sites individuals networking organizations organizations recreational activities businesses offering goods for purchase entities related to World Wide Web activities networking organizations

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Access to the Internet

LAN servers
Local servers can provide access to the Internet through
normal connections (e.g., Ethernet)

Serial line internet protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-point protocol (PPP)

Communications protocol software that transmits packets over
telephone lines, allowing dial-up access to the Internet

Connection via an on-line service

Examples are America Online and Microsoft Network. These
services usually require sign-up procedures
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Three Ways to Access the Internet

Schematic
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Internet Service Providers

Internet service provider (ISP) Any company that provides individuals or
companies with access to the Internet Thousands of providers including large communications companies Need an account with the ISP and software that links with TCP/IP

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ISP Examples
Internet Service Provider AT&T WorldNet Service Digex, Inc. GTE Internetworking IBM Internet Connection MCI Internet Web Address www.att.com www.digex.net www.gte.net www.ibm.net www.mci2000.com

NetCom On-Line Communication www.netcom.com Services www.psinet.com PSINet, Inc. Sprint Internet Services Uunet Technologies, Inc.
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www.sprint.net www.us.uu.net

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Internet Services
E-mail Telnet FTP Usenet and newsgroups Chat rooms Internet phone Internet videoconferencing Content streaming
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Selected Usenet Groups

alt.fan.addams.family alt.pets alt.autos.camaro alt.cloning alt.fan.u2 alt.sports.baseball.cinci-red alt.politics.socialism alt.sports.soccer.european.uk alt.life.itself alt.fan.bevis-n-butthead alt.fan.leonardo-dicaprio alt.history alt.music.blues alt.music.zz-top alt.sports.college.sec

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Internet Services
Internet telephony Also called voice-over-IP (VOIP)
Technology that enables network managers to route
phone calls and fax transmissions over the same network they use for data

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VOIP Discussion
Internet telephony is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls. For users who have free, or fixed-price, Internet access, Internet telephony software essentially provides free telephone calls anywhere in the world. To date, however, Internet telephony does not offer the same quality of telephone service as direct telephone connections. There are many Internet telephony applications available. Some, like CoolTalk and NetMeeting, come bundled with popular Web browsers. Others are stand-alone products. Internet telephony products are sometimes called IP telephony, Voice over the Internet (VOI) or Voice over IP (VOIP) products.
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Content Streaming
Content streaming
A method for transferring multimedia files over the
Internet so that the data stream of voice and pictures plays continuously, without a break, or very few of them It also enables users to browse large files in real time

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The World Wide Web

World Wide Web
A collection of tens of thousands of independentlyowned computers that work together as one in an Internet service

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WWW Terminology
Home page
The cover page for a Web site that has graphics,
titles, coloured text, etc.

Hypermedia
Tools that connect the data on Web pages, allowing
users to access topics in whatever order they wish

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

The standard page description language for Web
pages
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Some Interesting Web Sites

Library of Congress PointCast In-Box Direct Online Career Center New York Times Project Gutenberg Sportsline USA White House MIT Lab for Computer Science The Wall Street Journal
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http://lcweb.loc.gov http://www.pointcast.com http://www.netscape.com http://occ.com http://www.nytimes.com http://www.gutenberg.org http://www.sportsline.com http://www.whitehouse.gov http://www.lcs.mit.edu http://www.wsj.com

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WWW Terminology
Web browser
Software that creates a unique hypermedia-based
menu on your computer screen and provides a graphical interface to the Web

Web page
A screen of information sent to a requesting user
and presented through a browser

Applet
A small program embedded in Web pages
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HTML
The language of WWW pages Need we say more!!!

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Search Engines
Search engines A search tool for the Web (like card catalogs in
libraries) E.g., Altavista
Excite Galaxy Hotbot Infoseek Lycos Webcrawler Yahoo!
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http://www.altavista.digital.com http://www.excite.com http://www.einet.net http://www.hotbot.com http://www.infoseek.com http://www.lycos.com http://www.webcrawler.com http://www.yahoo.com

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Java
Java An object-oriented programming language Developed by Sun Microsystems Based on C++ Allows small programs -- applets -- to be
embedded within an HTML document

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Applets
Applets are small java programs that are downloaded from the server to the local machine

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Push Technology
Push technology
Technology that enables users to automatically E.g., PointCast InterMind
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receive information over the Internet rather than searching for it using a browser Also called Webcasting

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Webcasting Discussion
Using the Internet, and the World Wide Web in particular, to broadcast information. Unlike typical surfing, which relies on a pull method of transferring Web pages, webcasting uses push technologies.

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Push Discussion (1)

In client/server applications, to send data to a client without the client requesting it. The World Wide Web is based on a pull technology where the client browser must request a Web page before it is sent. Broadcast media, on the other hand, are push technologies because they send information out regardless of whether anyone is tuned in. Increasingly, companies are using the Internet to deliver information push-style. One of the most successful examples of this is PointCast, which delivers customized news to users' desktops.
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Push Discussion (2)

Probably the oldest and most widely used push technology is e-mail. This is a push technology because you receive mail whether you ask for it or not -- that is, the sender pushes the message to the receiver.

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Business Use of the Web

Uses: Applications, E-mail, Product Display, Catalogs,
Order placement

Products people are likely to buy on the Web

Software Books CDs Computer hardware Airline tickets Magazine subscriptions Concert/theater tickets Flowers
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77% 67% 64% 63% 61% 53% 48% 45%

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Intranets and Extranets

Intranet
An internal corporate network built using Internet
and World Wide Web standards and products that allows employees of an organization to gain access to corporate information

Extranet
A network based on Web technologies that links
selected resources of the intranet of a company with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners
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Intranet Discussion
A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet) belonging to an organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization. An intranet's Web sites look and act just like any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access.
Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information. Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of the Internet because they are much less expensive to build and manage than private networks based on proprietary protocols.
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Extranet Discussion
A new buzzword that refers to an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and is accessible only to people who are members of the same company or organization, an extranet provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders. You can access an extranet only if you have a valid username and password, and your identity determines which parts of the extranet you can view.
Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business partners to exchange information.
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A secure connection between two points across the
Internet

Tunneling
The process by which VPNs transfer information by
encapsulating traffic in IP packets and sending the packets over the Internet
Schematic
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VPN Discussion
Short for virtual private network, a network that is constructed by using public wires to connect nodes. For example, there are a number of systems that enable you to create networks using the Internet as the medium for transporting data. These systems use encryption and other security mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can access the network and that the data cannot be intercepted.

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Tunneling Discussion
A technology that enables one network to send its data via another network's connections. Tunneling works by encapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second network. For example, Microsoft's PPTP technology enables organizations to use the Internet to transmit data across a virtual private network (VPN). It does this by embedding its own network protocol within the TCP/IP packets carried by the Internet. (Note: PPTP = point-to-point tunneling protocol)
Tunneling is also called encapsulation.
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Internet Issues
Management issues No centralized governing body for the Internet Service bottlenecks Phenomenal growth has left a service void Providers underestimating computing power
needed Reconciling router addresses needed to transverse the network
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Privacy & Security

Cryptography
The process of converting a message into a secret code and
changing the encoded message back to regular text

Encryption
The original conversion of a message into a secret code

Digital Signature
An encryption technique used for online financial transactions

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Have a nice day

Encryption software running on sending computer

E%$&:}{|

Decryption software running on Receiving computer

Have a nice day

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Firewalls
Firewalls
A method of preventing unauthorized access
between a companys computers and the Internet (looks at the header of a packet)

Assured pipeline
An Internet security method that looks at the entire
request for data and then determines whether the request is valid

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Firewall Discussion (1)

A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

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Firewall Discussion (2)

There are several types of firewall techniques: Packet filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and
accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packet filtering is fairly effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In addition, it is susceptible to IP spoofing. Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a performance degradation. Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking. Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.
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Firewall Discussion (3)

In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert.
A firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private information. For greater security, data can be encrypted.

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