PRESENTED BY:

KSHITIJ DIXIT

NEHA KACKER
RADHIKA ARORA RICHA KAPOOR

SHASHANK CHAUHAN

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

A major use of computer graphics is in design processes, particularly for engineering and architectural systems, but almost all products are now computer designed. Generally referred to as CAD, computer aided design methods are now routinely used in the design of buildings,automobiles,aircraft,watercraft,spacecraft, computers,textiles,and many, many other products.

PRESENTATION of GRAPHICS
Another major application area is presentation graphics, used to produce illustrations for repots or to generate 35-mm slides or transparencies for use with projectors. Presentation graphics commonly used to summarize financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, and economic data for research reports, managerial reports, consumer information bulletins, and other types of reports.

Entertainment
Computer graphics methods are now commonly used in making motion pictures, music videos, and television shows. Sometimes the graphics scenes are displayed by themselves, and sometimes objects are combined with the actors and live scenes.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Computer-generated models of physical, financial, and economic systems are often used as educational aids. Models of physical systems, physiological systems, population trends or equipment, such as the color-coded diagram in fig 1-41, can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.

VISUALISATION
Scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business analysts, and others often need to analyze large amounts of information to study the behavior of certain processes. Similarly, satellite cameras and other sources are amassing large data files faster than they can be interpreted. Scanning these large sets of numbers to determine trends and relationships is a tedious and ineffective process. But if the data are converted to a visual form, the trends and patterns are often immediately apparent.

Due to the widespread recognition of the power and utility of computer graphics in virtually all fields, a broad range of graphics hardware and software systems is now available. For higher quality applications, we can choose from a number of sophisticated special purpose graphics hardware systems and technologies. Some of them are as follows:-

VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES

Typically, the primary output device in a graphics system is a video monitor (fig 2-1). The operation of video monitor is based on the standard cathode ray tube (CRT) design, but several other technologies exist and solid-state monitors may eventually predominate.

REFRESH CATHODE-RAY TUBES

A beam of electrons emitted by an electron gun, passes through focusing and deflection systems that direct the beam toward specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen. The phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each position contacted by the electron beam. Because the light emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly. One way to keep the phosphor growing is to redraw the picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam back over the same points. This type of display is called a refresh CRT.

RASTER- SCAN DISPLAYS

The most common type of graphics monitor employing a CRT is the raster scan display, based on television technology. In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots .Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and painted on the screen one row at a time (fig2-7). Each screen point is referred to as a pixel.

COLOR CRT MONITORS

A CRT monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different-colored light. By combining the emitted light from the different phosphors, a range of colors can be generated. The two basic techniques for producing color displays with a CRT are the beam penetration method and the shadow-mask method.

FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS
The term flat-panel displays refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power requirements compared to a CRT. A significant feature of flat-panel displays is that they are thinner than CRTs, and we can hang them on walls or wear them on our wrists. Current uses of flat panel displays include small TV monitors, calculator, pocket video games, laptops computers, armrest viewing of movies on airlines, as advertisement boards in elevators, etc.

PLASMA PANEL DISPLAY

Plasma panels, also called gas discharge displays, are constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually includes neon. A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one glass panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built into the other glass panel (fig 2-11). Firing voltages applied to a pair of horizontal and vertical conductors cause the gas at the intersection of the two conductors to break down into glowing plasma of electrons and ions. Picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer, and the firing voltages are applied to refresh the pixel positions 60 times per second.

LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAYS (LCDS)

The term liquid crystal refers to the fact that these compounds have a crystalline arrangement of molecules, yet they flow like a liquid. They are commonly used in small systems, such as calculators (fig. 2-14) and portable, laptops computers (fig.2-15).

RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY PROCESSOR

The organization of a raster system containing a separate display processor, sometimes referred to as a graphics controller or a display coprocessor. The purpose of the display processor is to free the CPU from the graphics chores. In addition to the system memory, a separate display-processor memory area can also be provided.

INPUT DEVICES
Various devices are available for data input on a graphics workstation. Most systems have a keyboard and one or more additional devices specially designed for interactive input these include a mouse and digitizer. Some other input devices used in particular applications are data glove, touch panels, image scanners, and light pen.

KEYBOARD
An alphanumeric keyboard on a graphics system is used primarily as a device for entering text strings. The keyboard is an efficient device for inputting such nongraphic data as picture labels associated with a graphics display. Keyboards can also be provided with features to facilitate entry of screen coordinates, menu selections, or graphics functions.

MOUSE
A mouse is small hand-held box used to position the screen cursor. Wheels or roller on the bottom of the mouse can be used to record the amount and direction of movement . another method for detecting mouse motion is with an optical sensor. For these system ,the mouse is moved over a special mouse pad that has a grid of horizontal and vertical lines . the optical sensor detects movement across the lines in the grid.

IMAGE SCANNERS
Drawings, graphs, color and black and white photos, or text can be stored for computer processing with an image scanner by passing an optical scanning mechanism over the information to be stored. The gradations of gray scale or color are then recorded and stored in an array. Once we have the internal representation of a picture, we can apply transformations to rotate, scale or crop the picture to a particular screen area. We can also apply various imageprocessing methods to modify the array representation of the picture.

LIGHT PEN
Figure 2-56 shows the design of one type of light pen. Such pencil-shaped devices are used to select screen positions by detecting the light coming from points on the CRT screen. They are sensitive to the short burst of light emitted from the phosphor coating at the instant the electron beam strikes a particular point. Other light sources such as background lighting the room, are usually not detected by a light pen.

DESIGN OF ANIMATION SEQUENCES

In general, an animation sequence is designed with the following steps:
Storyboard layout
Object definitions Key-frame specifications

Generation of in-between frames

STORYBOARD LAYOUT
The storyboard is the outline of the action. It defines as the motion sequence as a set of basic events that are to take place. Depending on the type of animation to be produced, the storyboard could consist of a set of rough sketches or it could be a list of the basic ideas for the motion.

OBJECT DEFINITIONS
An object definition is given for each participant in the action. Objects can be defined in terms of basic shapes, such as polygons or splines. In addition, the associated movements for each object are specified along with the shape.

Key-frame specifications
A key frame is a detailed drawing of the scene at a certain time in the animation sequence. Within each key frame, each object is positioned according to the time for that frame. Some key frame is chosen at extreme positions in the action; others are spaced so that the time interval between key frames is not too great.

GENERATION OF INBETWEEN FRAMES

In-betweens are the intermediate frames between the key frames. The number of in-betweens needed is determined by the media to be used to display the animation. Film requires 24 frames per second, and graphics terminals are refreshed at the rate of 30 to 60 frames per second.

RASTER ANIMATIONS
On raster systems, we can generate real-time animation in limited applications using raster operations. Twodimensional rotations in multiples of 90 are also simple to perform, although we can rotate rectangular blocks of pixels through arbitrary angles using antialiasing procedures. To rotate a block of pixels, we need to determine the percent of area coverage for those pixels that overlap the rotated block.

MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia means that the computer information can be represented through audio, video and animation in addition to traditional media (that in text, graphics, drawing and images) however the general definition of multimedia is as follows, Multimedia is a field connected with the computer controlled, integration of text, graphics drawing, moving, images(video),audio, animation, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.

Component of Multimedia
Text:
The Alphabets, words, sentences and paragraphs consists of text. Text processing refers to the ability to manipulate words, lines and pages. There are some properties of any text such as size, font, color and style.

GRAPHICS (PICTURE/IMAGES)
A picture or image is data represented in two dimensional scenes. A digital image compared of pixels arrange in rectangular array with a certain height and width. Each pixel may contain one or more bits of information representing the brightness of the image at the point and possibly including color information and encoded as RGB triples.

 Audio:
Sound with in an aromatic range available to human. On a computer an audio files are record of captured sound that can be play back. Audio files are usually compressed for storage purpose or faster transmission.

Video:
It refers to displaying still images in a high speed that our mind interrupts the sequences of images as a movement. You can compare it with the number of frames/second i.e. higher with video with animation.

Animation:
The animation is the stimulation of movements created by displaying the series of pictures or frames. A cartoon movie on T.V. is the example of animation. Animation can be made with special technique like flash and with image application like photo-shop.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia in business: The multimedia in business
includes presentation, training, product demo and database. marketing, advertising,

Voice mail: Here we can communicate by the voice only by

sending the voice in the form of electronic pulse from one system to another system, which converts it into voice.

Multimedia in education: Multimedia is also useful in

educational field. The computer generated modal of the physical, financial and economical systems can be used as the educational purpose.

 Multimedia of public sector: It is obvious that

personal places and public places are not awaiting to the multi media. The public place cannot be beyond the reach of the multimedia such that the multimedia used in hotels reservation, shopping and department store.

Virtual Realities: The multimedia is used in the CAD

application, circuit designing and stimulation of vehicles and it is used in the games.

DVD TECHNOLOGY
DVD initially stood for digital video disk but now stands for digital versatile disk. Like a CD, DVD is an optical storage system for read only, recordable and writeable application but being similar to the CD in many ways. DVD is considered to be a CD future replacement.