Fund Section4

Section 4: Feature Extraction
Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping, LLC..

2002 Leica Geosystems
Feature Extraction
Interested only in

geographic regions or certain features within images
Extraction and analysis of only these
features can save

Processing time System resources
2 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE
Feature Extraction
Often an image contains too much information
We require only a small portion of the information imagery gives us
Road Network
Feature extraction can reduce data volumes,
improve processing speed and save disk resources
Feature Extraction 1. Subsetting/Data Reduction 2. Make features more obvious Image Enhancing

Bands and Band Combinations Stretching
3. Identify Areas of Interest 4. Extract features into new file
Subsetting
Reduce the quantity of information by extracting
areas of interest
Subsetting Inquire Box
Rectangular area
AOI
Feature
Vector Coverage
Numerous features
Spectral Subsetting
Removing Bands
Using Spectral Characteristics

Visual Enhancement - Bands

Individual, specific bands are good for looking at certain features
Specific band combinations are good for
looking at certain features
Visible
Infrared
Thermal
Visible Bands
Blue

Mapping coastal water areas Differentiating between soil and vegetation Forest types mapping Cultural features
0.45-0.52
Green

Healthy vegetation Cultural features
0.52-0.60
Red

Discriminating different plant species Soil boundaries Geological boundaries Cultural features
0.63-0.69
Visible
Infrared
Thermal
Reflective Infrared Bands
Near Infrared

Near IR 0.76-0.90
Vegetation biomass Crop identification Soil/crop and land/water contrasts
Mid- Infrared

Mid IR
Moisture content of plants Crop drought studies Plant health analyses Discriminating between clouds, snow and ice Geologic rock type and soil boundaries Soil and vegetation moisture content
1.55-1.74
Mid IR 2.08-2.35
Visible
Infrared
Thermal
Thermal Bands
Vegetation/crop stress detection Heat intensity Insecticide applications
Thermal pollution
Geothermal activity
Thermal 10.04-12.35
False Color
True Color
Pseudo Color
Others
Band Combinations
Bands 4,3,2 TM Appears similar to an
infrared photograph Vegetation appears red Water appears navy or black
False Color
True Color
Pseudo Color
Others
Band Combinations
Bands 3,2,1 TM Objects look as they
would to the naked eye Can look like a color photograph
False Color
True Color
Pseudo Color
Others
Band Combinations
Bands 5,4,2 TM Colors do not reflect the
features in natural colors. Roads may be Red Vegetation may be blue
False Color
True Color
Pseudo Color
Others
Band Combinations
Bands 5,4,3 TM
Urban Distinction Vegetation Distinction Bands 7,4,2 TM Similar to 5,4,2 Good for urban distinction
Image Contrast
Dark
Little CONTRAST
between features
Frequency 0
255
More CONTRAST
between features
Frequency 0
Brighter
255
Image Contrast
Frequency
Pixel Values of raw image Values as they could appear in display
0 Dark
18 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE Section 4: Feature Extraction
255 Bright
Stretching Image Histograms

Fits the narrow range of raw data
Frequency
into the larger range of the display device

Achieved using a Look Up Table (LUT)
IMAGE
255
Frequency
SCREEN
0
255
Contrast Tools
255 Bins 10 2 SD Bins
Frequency
Histogram Equalization
Tries to put equal numbers of pixels in a set of bins.
Linear Stretch
Linear stretch between a lower and a upper value
255
Standard Deviation
Determines standard deviations around the mean and stretches across this region. Default in IMAGINE
Contrast Stretch
Stretches the range of data from the lower values to the higher values so there is higher
contrast when an image is displayed
Frequency
s 0
s 255
Standard Deviation Stretch Original Histogram
Other Contrast Stretches

Histogram Equalization Pixels are grouped into a user
specified number of bins Attempt to place the same number of pixels in each bin
Using Band Algebra

NDVI
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI=IR-R/IR+R Indices are used in vegetation analyses to highlight small differences
between classes Often enhances differences which cannot be seen with display of original color bands
NDVI
Vegetated Areas generally yield high values
High reflectance in the IR, low reflectance in the VISIBLE
Clouds, water, and snow have negative values
High Visible, Low IR Similar reflectance in the near IR and the VISIBLE
Rock and bare soil give near zero values
NDVI
Helps accommodate for changing illumination and conditions, surface slope
and aspect b/c the ratio is still the same in those areas
Band Algebra
HEALTHY VEGETATION
TM Bands 1 2 3 4
TM Band 4: HIGH Value

Vegetation TM Band 3: LOW Value TM Band 4 TM Band 3 Dry Soil = HIGH VALUE DRY SOIL TM Band 4: MODERATE Value
60 % Reflectance
0 0.4 0.7 Wavelengths in microns
TM Band 3: MODERATE Value TM Band 4 TM Band 3 = LOW VALUE
Band Algebra
Normalized Differential Vegetative Index (NDVI)
Stressed vegetation Moderate Values
Healthy vegetation High Values
Creating and Editing Shapefiles

Creating Shape Files

Two techniques to generate feature layers

Manual digitizing using editing tools Semi-Automated digitizing: Region Grow tool
Manual
Region Grow
Manual Feature Extraction

Create a new layer containing required information Use tool palettes and on-screen digitizing
Manual
Cubic Region Grow
Region Growing
1.
Determine areas of continuous spectral response

Select a sample pixel, a seed
2. Software evaluates DN values of surrounding pixels

- Similar: included in region
- Dissimilar: not included
3.
Graphic polygon drawn around similar pixels

Similar pixel values
Dissimilar values
Region Grow Properties

Controls which pixel values should be included in the
region
Constrains the search region by area or distance
Controls which neighboring pixels are considered contiguous
Controls the similarity. Set to 0 and only pixels of same value as the selected pixel are included in region Use to regrow region if any properties are changed
Manual
Region Growing
Spectral Euclidian Distance
Region Grow Cubic
3 =1 =2 0
Neighbor determines where the software searches

104 104 106 107 107 8 8 7 5 6 4 5
108 103
112 104 108 63 109 65
4
4 64 62
5
4
7
8
104
103
63 106 102 64 108 111
Region Grow and Reshape

Very often the region wont be exactly as required Reshape tool used to make small adjustments
Vertices can be moved, deleted and added to better represent the feature
Feature Layers
Usually vector layers Annotation, Vector, AOI (and Shape files)
But could also be raster layers

Vector Layers
Raster Layers
AOI
Annotation
Vector
Editing Tools - AOI

Used to identify study areas No attributes Used to subset
Select all AOI elements that fall within the boundary of the rectangular marquee Create a polygonal AOI Create a polyline AOI Click to undo the last edit Click to open the Region Growing Properties dialog.
Select a single pixel from which an AOI "grows"
Click to reshape a selected polygon or polyline: left-hold to move a vertex middle-click to add a vertex shift-middle-click to add or remove a vertex
AOI
Annotation
Vector
Editing Tools - Annotation

Used to annotate imagery Can have basic attributes More a visual extraction tool
Map Composer tools
Order tools Alignment tools Rotation tools
AOI
Annotation
Vector
Editing Tools - Vector

Most analytical of feature layers Points, Lines and Areas can all have
attributes Can be analyzed in IMAGINE or ARC/INFO Editing tools are more comprehensive
Use of any tool palette
icon can be found in the viewer status bar
Identifying and Extracting Change

Change Detection
Requires temporal datasets
1987 1992
Changes automatically identified

Change Detection
Use the before image and an after image to highlight areas of change between the two
Two output files:

Image Difference File Highlight Change File
Image Difference File

Grayscale Image Reflects change in
brightness values over time
Output == Before Image After Image
Highlight Change File

Five-class thematic image Divided into five
categories: Background Decreased Some Decreased Unchanged Some Increase Increased
Change Detection
BEFORE IMAGE
AFTER IMAGE
IMAGE DIFFERENCE FILE
HIGHLIGHT CHANGE FILE


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Section 4: Feature Extraction

Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping, LLC..

geographic regions or certain features within images

Extraction and analysis of only these

features can save

Processing time System resources

2 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

We require only a small portion of the information imagery gives us

Feature extraction can reduce data volumes,

improve processing speed and save disk resources

3 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Bands and Band Combinations Stretching

3. Identify Areas of Interest 4. Extract features into new file

4 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

5 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Subsetting Inquire Box

6 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

7 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Using Spectral Characteristics

Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping, LLC..

Visual Enhancement - Bands

looking at certain features

9 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Healthy vegetation Cultural features

10 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Reflective Infrared Bands

Vegetation biomass Crop identification Soil/crop and land/water contrasts

11 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

12 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

infrared photograph Vegetation appears red Water appears navy or black

13 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

would to the naked eye Can look like a color photograph

14 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

features in natural colors. Roads may be Red Vegetation may be blue

15 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

16 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

17 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Pixel Values of raw image Values as they could appear in display

Stretching Image Histograms

into the larger range of the display device

20 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

contrast when an image is displayed

Standard Deviation Stretch Original Histogram

21 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE

Section 4: Feature Extraction

Other Contrast Stretches

22 - Leica Geosystems GIS & Mapping LLC. Fundamentals of ERDAS IMAGINE