IMPERATIV (ZAPOVEDNI NAIN)

Postoji vie glagolskih naina. Indikativ (pokazni) the indicative mood. Moe biti izjavni (declarative) ili upitni (interrogative). Koristi se da se konstatuju injenice ili dogaaji, ili da se postavljaju pitanja o njima, u prolosti, sadanjosti ili budunosti:

He always argues. (On se uvek prepire.) My parents arrived last night. (Moji roditelji su stigli sino). What will you have, coffee or tea? (ta e uzeti, kafu ili aj?)

Imperativ (zapovedni nain) the imperative mood. Koristi se kad pomou glagola iskazujemo naredbe ili molbe.

Be quiet! (Uuti!) Switch off your mobile phones. (Iskljuite mobilne telefone.) Give me a hand, will you? (Pomozi mi malo!) Open your books, please. (Otvorite knjige, molim vas.)

Imperativom se iskazuju naredbe , zabrane i molbe. Za drugo lice jednine i mnoine upotrebljava se infinitivna osnova glagola:

Be honest! (Budi iskren!) Have patience! (Strpi se!) Open the door! (Otvori vrata!) Pass me the bread, please. (Dodaj mi hleb, molim te.) Come in, please. (Ui.)

Odrini oblik za drugo lice gradi se pomou glagola to do:

Dont leave me alone! Dont talk so much!

Za prvo i tree lice jednine i mnoine upotrebljava se glagol let iza koga sledi objekatska zamenica i infinitiv glavnog glagola:

1. let me go 3. let him/her/it go

1. let us go 3. let them go

Odrini oblici grade se kad se ispred potvrdnog oblika stavi do not:

1. do not let me go 2. dont go 3. dont let him go

1. dont let us go 2. dont go 3. dont let them go

Nareenje ili zabrana mogu se iskazati i na druge naine osim imperativa, kao to su: 1. Pomou modalnih glagola:

You have to go there at once. (Odmah morate ii tamo.) You must phone and apologize. (Mora nazvati i izviniti se.) You mustnt lean out of the window. (Ne sme se naginjati kroz prozor.)

2. Pomou no i gerunda ili imenice:

No smoking. (Zabranjeno puenje.) No admittance. (Zabranjen ulaz.)

3. Pomou oblika is/are + infinitiv:

He is to leave the office at once. (On mora odmah da napusti kancelariju.) You are to wait here until I come for you. (Mora da eka ovde dok ne doem po tebe.)

U odreenim situacijama moe se koristiti imperativ, ali te situacije su iskljuivo neformalne, npr. meu prijateljima. Imperativ se nikako ne koristi u formalnim situacijama ili u razgovoru s nepoznatima. U engleskom ak i ljudi koji imaju pravo da nareuju esto ne koriste imperativ. Umesto toga oni koriste fraze kao to su: I want/Id like you to/You must ili polite request form.

We can sometimes use the imperative form to tell someone what to do.

Bring another chair. Hurry up or we'll be late. We form the negative with don't. Don't be silly. Don't make so much noise.

We can use an imperative when we are with friends in an informal situation. But we do not use it to a stranger or in a more formal situation.

Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to Oxford Street, please? NOT Tell-me-the way to Oxford Street-please. Would you mind sending me a copy of your catalogue? NOT Send-me-a-copy-of your-catalogue.

Even people in authority often avoid using the imperative to give orders. Instead they can use I want/I'd like you to . . . , You must..., or a polite request form. Manager: I want you all to be at the meeting. Policeman: You must wait until you see the

green light. Doctor: Could you lie down on the bed, please?

Can ili could koriste se za utive zahteve ili molbe, tj. kada utivo traimo od nekoga neto.

Can I have another fork, please? Could you open the door for me? Can everyone be quiet for a minute, please?

Could je formalnije, prema tome i utivije od can.

Takoe se koriste izrazi Do you mind...? / Would you mind...? sa gerundom:

Would you mind answering the phone? Do you mind opening the window? Takoe Would you like to...? Would you like to lay the table for me?

Znaajna kulturoloka i jezika razlika: u engleskom imperativ + please u formalnoj situaciji nije dovoljno utivo. Treba uvek upotrebiti barem can/could.

We can use can or could in a request, when we ask someone to do something.

Can you keep me informed'? ~ Yes, of course. Could you lend me ten pounds until tomorrow? ~ Sorry, I haven't got ten pounds. I wonder if you could explain something to me. ~ I'll try.
Could is often more polite than can.

In a request we can also use Do you mind ...? or Would you mind...? with an ing-form.

Do you mind waiting a moment? ~ No, I can wait. Would you mind sitting in the back? ~ No, not at all. We can also use Would you like to ...? Would you like to lay the table for me? ~ Yes, of course.

It is always worth taking the trouble to use one of these request forms in English. We do not normally say Lay the table for me. This can sound very abrupt and impolite without a phrase like Could you . . . ?

Mr Atkins is the boss at Zedco. He tells everyone what to do. Complete his sentences. Use these words: can,

could, have, like, mind, must, want, wonder, would Would you mind making some tea, Alan?

1 Youinform me of any developments. 2 Could I .................. the latest sales figures, please? 3 Would you ..................to arrange a meeting some time next week, Fiona? 4 I.everyone to read the report. 5 ..I see the file, please, Mark? 6 ..you mind putting this in writing? 7 I..if you could translate this letter, Linda. 8 you meet our customer at the airport?

Read about each situation and then make a request. Use the word in brackets. It is cold in the restaurant. Ask the waiter to shut the window, (could)

Could you shut the window, please ?

1 You are buying a coat. Ask the assistant for a receipt, (can) 2 You want to know the time. Ask someone in the street, (could) 3 You need someone to help you. Ask a friend, (can) 4 You have bought some food, but you haven't got a bag. Ask the assistant, (could) 5 You are carrying a tray. Ask someone to clear a space on the table, (mind) 6 You are on the phone. You want to speak to the manager, (could)