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Lecture 38
Lecture 38
Lecture 38
Introduction
In C.C.I.R 625 line, the picture signal is amplitude modulated and sound signal frequency modulated before transmission. The channel bandwidth is determined by the highest video frequency required for proper picture reception and the maximum sound carrier frequency deviation permitted in a TV system. Need for modulation:(1) long antennas for efficient radiation and reception(2)Bandwidth
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
In video signal very low frequency modulating components exist along with the rest of the Signal These components give rise to sidebands very close to the carrier frequency which are difficult to remove by physically realizable filters Thus it is not possible to go to the extreme and fully suppress one complete sideband in the case of television signals The low video frequencies contain the most important information of the picture and any effort to completely suppress the lower sideband would result in objectionable phase distortion at these frequencies This distortion will be seen by the eye as smear in the reproduced picture. Therefore, as a compromise, only a part of the lower sideband, is suppressed, and the radiated signal then consists of a full upper sideband together with the carrier, and the vestige (remaining part) of the partially suppressed lower sideband This pattern of transmission of the modulated signal is known as vestigial sideband or A5C transmission In the 625 line system, frquencies up to 0.75 MHz in the lower sideband are fully radiated. The net result is a normal double sideband transmission for the lower video frequencies corresponding to the main body of picture information
TRASMISSION EFFICIENCY
TRASMISSION EFFICIENCY
Therefore, a lot of economy can be effected if the carrier power is suppressed and not transmitted However,System needs the generation of carrier frequency at the receiver for detection and this necessitates the transmission of a low level pilot carrier along with either of the two sidebands In addition to this, a single sideband with suppressed carrier requires excellent frequency stability on the part of both transmitter and receiver Any deviation in frequency and phase of the generated carrier at the receiver would severely impair the quality of the picture when used for television signal transmission Such difficulties are not unsurmountable, but this tends to make the receiver circuitry more complicated, which in turn adds to the cost of the receiver In point to point communication systems, where only one receiver is necessary, the additional expense is justifiable and infact SSB is now the accepted mode of communication for such applications
TRASMISSION EFFICIENCY
However, in television and radio broadcast systems, where a very large number of receivers simultaneously receive programme from one transmitter, additional cost of receivers is not justified and as such SSB cannot be recmmended Therefore, as stated earlier, in all TV systems,full carrier is radiated and vestigial sideband transmission is used In radio broadcast where the channel bandwidth is only 100 kHz, both the sidebands are transmitted along with full carrier
The sound carrier is always positioned at the extremity of the fully radiated upper sideband and hence is 5.5 MHz away from the picture carrier This is its logical place since it makes for minimum interference between the two signals. The FM sound signal occupies a frequency spectrum of about 75 KHz around the sound carrier However, a guard band of 0.25 MHz is allowed on the sound carrier side of the television channel to allow for adequate inter-channel separation The total channel bandwidth thus occupies 7 MHz and this represents a bandspace saving of 4.25 MHz per channel, when compared with the 11.25 MHz space, which would be required by the corresponding double sideband signal Figure 4.4 show the complete channel The frequency axis is scaled ralative to the picture carrier, which is marked as 0 MHz This makes the diagram very informative, since details such as the widths of the upper and lower sidebands and the relative position of the sound carrier are easily read off
FREQUENCY MODULATION
FM CHANNEL BANDWIDTH
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