CHARGE CONVERSION, DARK CURRENT IN CCD CAMERAS AND TYPES OF CCD CAMERAS

BY M.RAJARAM PANDIAN ROLL.NO:-IE341 REG NO:-11L08

CHARGE CONVERSION

charge converted to floating diode or floating diffusion the low voltage gate allows charge only when gate 4 is zero the diode act as capacitor the difference in voltage between final status of diode and precharged value linearly proportional to nos of electrons

q is 1.6*10^19c & output gain conversion is GQ/C ranges from

signal amplified,processed and send to CCD sensor

DARK CURRENT

output of CCD array increased by increase in integration time long integration time is generally used for low light operation

this approach is limited by dark current leakage that integrated along with

THREE MAIN SOURSES OF DARK CURRENT:

1.Thermal generation in depletion region

2.Thermal generation and diffusion in neutral bulk material

3.Thermal generation due to surface states

Dark current density is reduced by sufficient cooling the temperature is exponent of equation 3-7 doubling the temperature decrease the array temperature decreases. a I degree change in temperature changes the dark current by significant amount. the most of the cooler is thermo electric coolers(Peltier devices) which driven by electric current that pump heat from CCD to heat sink. heat sink cooled by passive air, forced air , or forced liquid(usually water) Peltier device can cool up -60 degree TCE are integrated with array as shown figure

Multi pinned phasing technology CCDs:

it operate in room temprature with reduce dark current this types of cameras are two to three times smaller than convention type cameras mostly used in scentific and medical application

Effect Of Amplifier

amplifier output dissipates power which produce heat

dark current depend on temperature so amplifier seperated by several isolation pixels to move amplifier away from sensors

TYPES OF CCD CAMERAS

CCD cameras are broadly classified into two categeories

Line scan camera

Area scan camera

LINE SCAN CAMERA

capture 100000 Frame per second used in inspection a long run object

CONTINUED

A line scan camera builds a complete image line by line as a product moves in- front of it. A line scan camera is very similar to a flat bed scanner, it is one line, or row, in a raster scanning pattern Line scan cameras are installed in many of processing machines in precision, glass, film, food and medical industries as well as electronic industry Line scan cameras are installed in many of manufacturing process too utilize its dimension measuring, position inspecting capabilities.

Capabilities :

Inspects discrete parts on web provides high resolution image Captured undistorted views of cylindrical object Reducing lighting complexity Requires minimal amount of object in field of view Scan camera consists of a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) element, lens & trigger control circuit. Image of objects created on CCD element via lens and quantity of light is converted to video pulse signal and then is an output

Area scan camera:

capture 15 to 25 frames per second

AREA SCAN' refers to the camera sensor covering an area where sensing cells are replicated to produce a matrix of cells over a certain number of rows and columns forming a rectangular array of pixels.

Area scan:
This schematic shows the basic layout of the IVIS Inspection System. A high resolution digital camera (s), to capture the specula information

A light source to generate the specula reference

An encoder to track the position of the object A computer and display to process and configure the data A rejection indication or actuator

Area scan:

it is further classified into Interlaced camera Progressive scan camera

Interlaced CCD camera

Interlaced scan-based images use techniques developed for Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)-based TV monitor displays made up of 576 visible horizontal lines across a standard TV screen Interlacing divides these into odd and even lines and then alternately refreshes them at 30 frames per second The slight delay between odd and even line refreshes creates some distortion or 'jaggedness' Because only half the lines keeps up with the moving image while the other half waits to be refreshed.

continued

De-interlacing is the process of converting interlaced video into a non-interlaced form, by eliminating some jaggedness from the video for better viewing
This process is also called line doubling This feature eliminates the motion blur problems caused by the analog video signal from the analog camera.

Progressive scanning

Progressive scanning, as opposed to interlaced scans the entire picture line by line every sixteenth of a second In other words, captured images are not split into separate fields like in interlaced scanning Computer monitors do not need interlace to show the picture on the screen It puts them on one line at a time in perfect order i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 etc Avoids virtually "flickering" effect in a surveillance application, it can be critical in viewing detail within a moving image such as a person running away However, a high quality monitor is required to get the best

Progressive scanned

interlaced scanned

In these examples, the cameras have been using the same lens. The car has been driving at 20 km/h (15 mph) using cruise control Progressive scanned image

interlaced scanned image

THANK YOU