Caprine and Human Cryptosporidiosis in Smallhold Farms of Aurora Province

Clarissa Yvonne J. Domingo, Roma DC Ador Dionisio, Godfrey C. Lanzanida and Reena Mae I. Corales

AS399 SEMINAR Presentor:

AS 399 Seminar

Jaypee A. Abenoja

PSAS Best Paper Awardee

Disease and Diagnostic Category

CRYPTOSPORIUM

OBJECTIVES:
This study determined the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection among backyard animal raisers and goats in Baler, San Luis and Maria Aurora (municipalities of Aurora province) and determine risk factors associated with the infection among animal raisers and goats.

SITUATIONER:
At present, no prevalence specifically on cryptosporidiosis in goats and animal raisers in the Philippines has been done. No analysis on probable risks associated with its transmission among animal raisers and goats has been done.

METHODOLOGY:
The study is a CROSS-SECTIONAL design with the aim of determining the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among backyard animal raisers and goats in Baler, San Luis and Maria Aurora municipalities of Aurora province.

SAMPLE SIZE:

= Farms with 6 or more does

Data Collection- scheduled interview using structured questionnaire

Human cryptosporidiosis

Exposure Variable: Length of experience in livestock raising (years) Risk variables related to animal raisers: 1.Educational attainment of animal handler 2.Quality of hand washing practices 3.High risk farm activities 4.Characteristics of drinking water source 5.Farm sanitation 1.excreta disposal 2.garbage disposal 3.sanitary quality and usage of toilet in the farm 6.Herd size in the farm

Exposure Variable: Caprine cryptosporidiosis Risk variables related to goats: 1.Diarrhea incidence in the farm 2.Entry of new stock in the farm 3.Access of ruminant farm animals to natural bodies of water 4.Presence of animal scavenger/s in the farm

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS EMPLOYED:

1. KINYOUN ACID FAST STAIN (fecal samples)

2. PCR ( for human feces)

3. LAMP Assay (for goat feces)

(+) (+) (-) (-)

Flourescent dye test

Turbidity test

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Logistic regression models were derived for risk variables related to:
1. animal raiser and human cryptosporidiosis 2. caprine cryptosporidiosis to human cryptosporidiosis 3. goats and caprine cryptosporidiosis

The alpha level set to determine statistical significance was 0.1.

RESULTS:

RESULTS:

Table 3. Distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum infected goats & animal raisers.

Sample
1 2 3 4

Municipality
1 1 2 2

An.Raiser
+ + -

Goat
+ + + +

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

+
+ + + + + + + + +

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

18% (30/168) infected goats (Kinyoun Stain) 100% (30/30) diagnosed with C. parvum (LAMP) 40% (12/30) goats raised by infected owners

Legend Municipality: 1-Baler 2-Maria Aurora 3-San Luis (+) positive,C. parvum (-) negative

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

RESULTS:

RESULTS:

MODEL 1 Risk variables related to animal raiser and human cryptosporidiosis

Table 4. Final logistic regression model for human cryptosporidiosis

Variables
Herd size (moderate to maximum) Garbage disposal (poor manner with scavenger) Hand washing (delayed with soap and water) Experience (>4-10 yrs) * Hand wash (delayed with soap and water) Experience (>10 yrs) * Herd size (moderate to maximum)

p- value

0.0009^
0.0042^ 0.0734^

0.0927^
0.0189^

^ p value of 0.1 is significant * Herd size for smallhold farms < 5 does or 15 heads in the farm

MODEL 2 Caprine cryptosporidiosis and Human Cryptosporidiosis

Table 5. Final logistic regression model on the influence of caprine cryptosporidiosis to human cryptosporidiosis

Variables
Caprine cryptosporidiosis New stock Water access Farm activity
* p value of 0.1 is significant

p- value 0.0190* 0.3762 0.1593 0.6188

MODEL 3 Risk variables related to goat raising and caprine cryptosporidiosis

Table 6. Final logistic regression model for caprine cryptosporidiosis

Variable
Diarrhea New Stock Access to Water Scavengers
* p value of 0.1 is significant

P value 0.049* 0.63 0.089* 0.632

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION:

Animal raisers aged 37 to 47 yrs had the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum. The general prevalence of the infection was 21% regardless of age and sex of animal raisers. The general prevalence among goats was 18% (30/168) and all 30 infected goat fecal samples harbored the C. parvum. 40% (12/30) of these infected goats were raised by infected animal handlers.

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION:

Detection of C. parvum in both humans and goats (40%) indicates genotype 2, known to largely cause human infection through contamination of water or food or direct contact with infected animals. Maria Aurora municipality had the highest frequency of both animal raisers and their goats infected with C. parvum

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION:

Results from risk analysis showed that animal raisers who had been raising a maximum herd size of goats for 10 years or more could be spared from the infection only if: the goats were not infected with cryptosporidiosis;
absence of diarrhea among goats for the past year proper garbage disposal is done in the farm which discourage scavengers in the area correct hand washing with soap and water was done by farmers after handling their animals.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
Farm Sanitation Personal Hygiene Provide proper attention and medication to diarrheic animals in order to prevent cryptosporidiosis among goats and eventually prevent themselves from getting the infection from their animals as well.

THANK YOU
Acknowledgement: Animal Health Unit, PCC; DOST-PCHRD; DOST-PCARRD; SEARCA