BY:

Patel Aanand Solanki Jayesh Patel Chirag Suthar Janak

INTRODUCTION OF RETROFITTING BUILDING

The aftermath of an earthquake maneifests great devastation due to

unpredicted seismic motion striking extensive damage to innumerable buildings varying degree i.e. either full or partial or slight. This damage to structures in its turn causes irreparable loss of life with a large number of casualites. As a result frightened occupants may refuse to enter the building unless assured of the safety ofthe building from future earthquakes. It has been observed that majority of such earthquake damaged buildings may be safely resued,if they converted into seisemically resistance sturctures by employing a few retrofitting measures.

This proves to be a better option catering to the economic consideration an immidiate shelter problems rather than replacement of buildings. Moreover it has often been seen that retrofitting of buildings is generally more economical as compared to demolition and reconstruction even in case of severe structural damage. Therefore,seismic retrofitting of building structures is one of the most important aspects for mitigating seismic hazards especially in earthquake-prone countries. Varios terms are associated to retrofotting with a marginal difference like repair,strengethening,retrofitting,rehabilitation,reconstruction etc. but there is no consensus on them.

The need of seismic retrofitting of building arises under to circumstances: Earthquake damaged buildings Earthquake vulnerable buildings that have not yet experienced severe earthquakes. The problems faced by a structural engineer in retrofitting earthquake damaged building A. Lack of standards for methods of retrofitting;
B)Effctiveness of retrofitting techniques since there is a considerable dearth of experience and data on retrofitted steuctures; C)Absence of consensus on appropriate methods for the parameters like type of widerangeof

Techniques
Common seismic retrofitting techniques fall into several categories:

One of many "earthquake bolts" found throughout period houses in the city of Charleston subsequent to the Charleston earthquake of 1886. They could be tightened and loosened to support the house without having to otherwise demolish the house due to instability. The bolts were directly loosely connected to the supporting frame of the house

External post-tensioning
The use of external post-tensioning for new structural systems have been developed in the past decade. Under the PRESS (Precast Seismic Structural Systems),[7] a large-scale U.S./Japan joint research program, unbonded posttensioning high strength steel tendons have been used to achieve a momentresisting system that has self-centering capacity. An extension of the same idea for seismic retrofitting has been experimentally tested for seismic retrofit of California bridges under a Caltrans research project [8] and for seismic retrofit of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames.[9] Pre-stressing can increase the capacity of structural elements such as beam, column and beam-column joints. It should be noted that external pre-stressing has been used for structural upgrade for gravity/live loading since 1970s [10]

Active control system

Very tall buildings ("skyscrapers"), when built using modern lightweight materials, might sway uncomfortably (but not dangerously) in certain wind conditions. A solution to this problem is to include at some upper story a large mass, constrained, but free to move within a limited range, and moving on some sort of bearing system such as an air cushion or hydraulic film. Hydraulic pistons, powered by electric pumps and accumulators, are actively driven to counter the wind forces and natural resonances. These may also, if properly designed, be effective in controlling excessive motion - with or without applied power - in an earthquake. In general, though, modern steel frame high rise buildings are not as subject to dangerous motion as are medium rise (eight to ten story) buildings, as the resonant period of a tall and massive building is longer than the approximately one second shocks applied by an earthquake.Adhoc addition of structural support/reinforcement The most common form of seismic retrofit to lower buildings is adding strength to the existing structure to resist seismic forces. The strengthening may be limited to connections between existing building elements or it may involve adding primary resisting elements such as walls or frames, particularly in the lower stories.

Connections between buildings and their expansion additions

Exterior reinforcement of building

Massive exterior structure

In other circumstances, far greater reinforcement is required. In the structure shown at right a parking garage over shops the placement, detailing, and painting of the reinforcement becomes itself an architectural embellishment

UTILITY OF THE PROJECT FOR INDUSTRY

1. There are large numbers of one-to-four unit wood frame buildings that have structural weaknesses. 2. The seismic retrofit for many of these structures are simple to install for contractors and many homeowners. 3. Prescriptive standards permit building owners to seismically retrofit simpler buildings without having to hire an architect or engineer to prepare drawings. Although professional advice is generally desirable and frequently required, prescriptive standards may allow appropriate cost savings. This will make retrofitting more desirable.

RELATED SURVEY
Repair and strengthening guide for earthquake damaged lowrise domestic buildings in Gujarat, India

CONTENTS
DEDICATION FOREWORD RESPONSIBILITY THE BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 26 JANUARY 2001 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PURPOSE OF GUIDE 3 TYPES OF OBSERVED DAMAGE IN KUTCH 4 REPAIRS AND STRENGTHENING 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPENDICES
A. Repairs to random (rubble) masonry buildings B. Repairs to masonry cut stone buildings C. Repairs to reinforced concrete framed structures D. Good practice notes for new build E. Building Damage Assessment Form and Damage Classification

ANNEX
1 History of Earthquakes, Seismology and Geology 2 Structural Performance of Buildings 3 Some Guidance on allowable bearing pressures for shallow foundations in areas of non-liquefiable soils

DEDICATION
This Guide is dedicated to the memory of those who lost their lives and those that have been injured as a result of the Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001.

THANK YOU