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Ground Improvement Technioques For High Ways
Ground Improvement Technioques For High Ways
INTRODUCTION
Transportation - needed for the development of
the country. The main mode of transportation is by road or highways. When the soil on a project site cannot support the loads, ground improvement to increase strength, reduce compressibility, and enhance performance under applied loadings may be required. There are various techniques of ground improvement.
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Dynamic compaction
SOIL STABILIZATION
Improvement of stability or bearing capacity of
Mechanical Stabilization
Soil-cement Stabilization
Soil-lime Stabilization Soil-bitumen Stabilization Chemical Stabilization Electrical Stabilization Stabilization by grouting Stabilization by geotextile and fabrics
Mechanical Stabilization Process of improving the properties of soil by changing its gradation. Two or more natural soils are mixed to obtain a composite material.
Cement Stabilization Done by mixing soil and cement with water and compacting the mix to attain a strong material.
Bituminous Stabilization
Bituminous stabilization provide water proofing
and binding.
Chemical Stabilization Stabilization by adding different chemicals. Electrical Stabilization
Done by a process known as electro-osmosis.
it .
Stabilization using Bio-Enzymes
VERTICAL DRAINS
Act as free draining water channel. surrounded by a thin filter jacket which prevents the surrounding soil from entering the core. A vertical sand drain accelerates the rate of consolidation. Installation of vertical sand drains is a convenient technique for stabilization of soft and compressible soil . There are two types of vertical drains - sand drains and sand wicks.
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Sand drains
Typically 200-500 mm in dia. Formed by infilling sand in to
or augering.
Typical spacing 1.5 - 6.0 .
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Sand wicks
Sand wicks are improved technique of sand drains. A small diameter hole is made by driving mandrel or by boring. Then cylindrical bag with sand is lowered into this. A wick drain is usually about, 4 inches wide, 1/8-inch thick which acts as a highpermeability conduit for water to flow out of the soil and to the surface.
Most common application of
CAPILLARY CUT-OFF
In some cases capillary water accumulates and
to be provided.
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An impermeable capillary cut-off is prepared by inserting bituminous layer in place of permeable blanket.
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SOIL NAILING
This ground reinforcement process uses steel tendons which are drilled and grouted into the soil to create a composite mass. Earth retention structure that combines reinforcements and shortcrete to support excavations , hillside , embankment steeping etc
The nails must have bending stress. The tension developed in nails provides resisting forces which stabilize the soil mass.
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SOIL NAILING
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STONE COLUMNS
Done to provide adequate support for relatively
light foundation.
The method consists of forming vertical holes
in ground which are filled with compacted crushed stone, gravel and sand or a mixture.
The soil-column matrix results in an overall mass having a high shear strength and a low compressibility.
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VIBRO COMPACTION
For loose sand deposits, the density can be increased by vibro
compaction.
reduces the inter-granular forces between the soil particles, allowing them to move into a denser configuration, typically achieving a relative density of 70 to 85 percent.
This process employs a depth vibrator suspended from crane Compaction of sand can be achieved up to distance of 2.5m from
axis of vibrator.
DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Dynamic Compaction is the
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CONCLUSIONS
are encountered. Considering all factors a suitable ground improvement technique has to be done. Ground improvement techniques have been extensively used by developed countries. Lime stabilization is suitable for expansive soil like black cotton soils. In bitumen stabilization optimum content of bitumen vanes from 4 to 6 % soil. Electrical and Chemical stabilization are expensive compared to others. Stabilization by grouting is suitable only for soils with high permeability. Stabilization by Terra Zyme is most effective for fine grained soil.
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CONCLUSIONS CONTINUE..
Provision of capillary cut-off is effective for
expansive soils. For soft and compressible soils provision of sand drains and sand wicks are found to be effective. Dynamic compaction is found suitable for soft, loose cohesion less soil layers.. Stone column has also been found useful for soft soils.
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References
Sanjay Kr Singh & Pradeep Kr Gupta, (2002), "Critical review of
ground improvement techniques for highways", Vol 30, No: 8, Indian Highways, NewDelhi, pp. 5-13. Gaulkar.M.P, (1999), "Construction of roads III black cotton soils", Vol 27, No: 3, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 37-43. Sharma.S.C, (1994), "Ground Improvement Techniques", Vol. 22, No: 12, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 3-4. (1994), "Application of Geogrids in Highway Engineering", Special report: 12, Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, pp. 59-61. Biju.P.B, Kuncheria.P.Issac, (2003), "Studies Stabilization Using TerraZyme for Pavement (M.Tech Thesis Report). on Soil Subgrade" Sharma.V.M. et.al, (2000), "Soil Nailing" ,Vol:28, No: 1, Indian Highways, New Delhi, pp. 46-52. Arora.K.R, (2003), "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering", Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
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