Near-Field Communication

Group #31

Keshav Bansal Dan Hvala Tyler Rossi

Introduction

NFC is a short-range wireless technology. NFC provides unique advantages over other available wireless technologies. The design includes a near-field transmitter and receiver to send data from one computer to another

Benefits & Features

Not restricted to 1-to-1 communication Multiple devices in a small area can communicate with each other using the same frequency. Maximum transfer bit rate of 800kbps. No special software is required. Operation at a frequency of 13.5 MHz No ethical concerns due to range

Modulation/Demodulation Scheme

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

VCO produces a frequency-modulated signal at the transmitter Phase lock loop demodulates the signal at the receiver.

System Overview

Hardware

Transmitter

PC interface (MAX232A) Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (POS+25) Power Amplifier (LM6181) Loop Antenna Loop Antenna Amplifier (LM6181) Phase Lock Loop (NE564) PC interface (MAX232A)

Receiver

System Overview

Pictures

System Overview
(Schematic)
VCC 0.1uF 0.1uF

1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5
0.1uF 0.1uF

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.1uF

C1+ V+ C1C2+ C2V-

MAX232A

VCC Gnd

16 15 14 13
HA17741 180 180

Antenna

5 V
10K

0.22uF

0.22uF 10K

T1 Out R1 In R1 Out T1 In T2 In R2 Out

V+
V+

300pF

1 2

Serial Port

12 11
2K

V-

50

820

50 V-

50

300pF

3
1K

TTL V+ NE564 Output Loop Hysteresis Gain set Control Analogue Input Out Loop Filter Loop Filter FM/RF Input Bias Filter Ground

4 5 6

7 8

T2 Out R2 In

10 9
220 180

820

0.1uF 1K

1 6 1 5 1 4 13 Set Cap 1 Set Cap 2 11 VCO

Out V+ VCO Out TTL

1.2K 2K 10uF 33pF

180

7 8

10 9

510 510 5 V

0.1uF

3.7V

VCC

0.1uF

0.1uF

1 2 3 4

V VCC POS Tune

8 7 6 5
50

Antenna LM6181
V+

-25

RF VCOGND Out GND GND GND GND

0.1uF

50 V-

50

0.1uF

0.1uF

820

820

1 MAX232A VCC 6 1 2 V+ Gnd 5 1 3 C1T1 Out 4 4 13 R1 In C2+ 1 5 C2R1 Out 2 11 6 VT1 In 1

C1+

1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 Serial Port

7 8

T2 Out R2 In

T2 In R2 Out

10 9

PC Interface

Connects through serial cable Received by MAX232A 0 to 5V square wave Voltage divider Non-inverting voltage adder

PC Interface
(Schematic)
VCC 0.1uF 0.1uF

1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5
0.1uF 0.1uF

1 2 3 4 5 6
0.1uF

C1+ V+ C1C2+ C2V-

MAX232A

VCC Gnd

16 15 14 13
HA17741 180 180

T1 Out R1 In R1 Out T1 In T2 In R2 Out

V+

Serial Port

12 11
2K

V-

7 8

T2 Out R2 In

10 9
220 180 180

3.7V

1 2 3

V VCC POS Tune

8 7 6 LM6181
V+

Antenna

-25

RF VCOGND Out GND GND

MAX232A Input/Output

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

Operates on a 12-V power supply Accepts an input from 3.7V to 4.2V from the PC interface. Outputs a signal whose frequency varies according to the input voltage level

VCO Output

Power Amplifier

Accepts an input from the VCO Outputs the signal to the loop antenna Power gain of approximately 11dB

Power Amplifier
(Schematic)
Antenna 5 V
10K 0.22uF

300pF V+

1 2

50

820

50 V-

50

Vout

300pF 1K

3 4 5 6

V+ N Loop Gain Control Input

Loop Filt

820

0.1uF 1K

Loop Filte

FM/RF In

7 8

Vin

Bias Filte Ground

0.1uF

VCC

0.1uF

Amplifier Input/Output

Loop Antenna

Loop Diameter = 6.5 cm Inductance = 3 uH Capacitor used to resonate the antenna at 13.5 MHz = 45 pF

Loop Antenna

Very directional Larger loop = more gain Picks up less noise Small, multi-loop turn does not radiate much

Frequency Comparisons

Phase Lock Loop

Tracks the frequency and phase of the input Frequency of an FSK signal changes according to the data bits; therefore, PLL can demodulate an FSK signal. Output is the VCO control voltage.

Phase Lock Loop

(Block Diagram)

Phase Lock Loop Tracking

Band-Pass Filters (Eliminated)

Tuned to 10MHz and 13.5MHz Pass-band of 2-3MHz Signal did not decay fast enough outside of the pass-band
+Supply

+
Vout

Vin
-Supply

Difficulties

Small antenna bandwidth made us to revise our original design. Drift in the frequency of VCO. Amplifier oscillation Most significant bit flipping

Future Hardware Development

Less power consumption More efficient loop antenna for larger range. Smaller setup Two-way communication

Analysis

Strengths

No interference due to decaying fields Within FCC regulation

FCC requires max E-field of 334uV/m at 30m Our max E-field at 30m is 180uV/m

Weaknesses

Very small range Sensitive to distance and alignment 653mW

Results

Maximum bit rate of 800kbps Text communication between two PCs Transmission range of 30cm Ability to send a text file between PCs

Credits

Ethan Miller Dr. Ada Y. Poon Dr. Christopher Schmitz Dr. Steven Franke Workers in the ECE Parts Shop