LECTURE 1 Bushra Riaz

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Code: Credits: Prerequisites: Text Book

EC-241 4 (3,1) EC-111 Algorithms and Computing

C++ How to Program, Deitel and Deitel, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 013-611726-0, Prentice Hall, 2009 References
Object Oriented Programming with C++, Robert Lafore, 4th Edition,

ISBN-10: 0-672-32308-7, Sams, 2002 The complete Reference C++, Herber Schildt, 3rd Edition The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Booch, Rumbaugh, Addison- Wesley, ISBN-10: 0-321-26797-4, 2nd Edition, 2005

COURSE OUTLINE
Introduction: Procedural versus Object Oriented

Programming (OOP), characteristics of OOP, advantages of OOP, Abstract Data Types (ADT), information hiding, encapsulation. Classes and Objects: Classes, objects, access specifiers, data members, member functions, properties, getters and setters, object aggregation. Constructors and Destructors: Default constructors, overloaded constructors, copy constructor, conversion constructor, shallow vs. deep copy.

COURSE OUTLINE
Static Members: Static data members and static

member functions. Generic Programming and Overloading: Function overloading, operator overloading, templates, C++ standard template library (STL). Dynamic memory management for objects: Pointers to objects, reference variables

COURSE OUTLINE
Inheritance and Polymorphism: Inheritance, types

of inheritance, derived classes, function overriding, dynamic binding, polymorphism, virtual functions. Streams and Files: Stream classes, File objects, File operations with streams. Object-Oriented Design: Introduction to Unified Modeling Language (UML).

Evaluation Methods:
Assignments
Quizzes Midterm exams Final Exam Lab Project

PROCEDURAL VS. OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES

Procedural Language Views a program as a series of steps to be carried out E.g. C, FORTRAN, Pascal Object Oriented Language Views a program as a group of objects that have certain properties and can perform certain functions E.g. C++, Java, C#

PROCEDURAL VS. OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES

Problems with Procedural Languages Cannot cope with very large project sizes Expensive software errors (e.g. air traffic control) Causes of Problems Unrestricted Access to Data

Global data is allowed Access to data by multiple functions means many connections between functions Programs become difficult to understand, modify and maintain

PROCEDURAL VS. OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES

Poor Modeling of Real World Things

Real world things are integral collections of data and functions e.g. a car: has data (make, model etc.) and functions (acceleration) Procedural languages do not tie up data with functions

Example Procedural program

1. Gather ingredients Flour, butter, egg, sugar etc 2. preheat oven to 350 degree
3. beat eggs and butter 4. add sugar 5. mix 6. bake 10 mins

Example Object Oriented programing

Model for an Object
Properties List of ingridients, or set of data Methods List of actions or instructions

Example Object Oriented programing

Baker

{
Properties (ingredients)

Flour Butter Eggs Milk Cake pan Oven

Methods (actions)

Bake cookies Bake cake Bake pie

1. Gather ingredients Flour, butter, egg, sugar etc 2. preheat oven to 350 degree 3. beat eggs and butter 4. add sugar 5. mix 6. bake 10 mins

THE PROCEDURAL PARADIGM

Global Data Global Data Global Data

Function

Function

Function

Function

GOAL OF OOP
Clearer,

more reliable, more easily maintained

programs More effective way of coping with program complexity

OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES
C++ Most widely used Largest programmer base Java Lacks certain features, e.g. multiple inheritance, pointers, templates Less powerful than C++ (but more safe, of course) C# Emerging Will be covered later in PLE course

THE OO APPROACH
The fundamental idea is to combine into a single

unit both data and functions that operate on the data. Such a unit is called an Object. An objects functions are called member functions in C++ And its data is called data members.

THE OO APPROACH
An objects data is typically accessed through its

member functions, i.e. it is hidden from accidental alteration Data and its function are said to be encapsulated into a single entity Data encapsulation and data hiding are key elements of object-oriented languages

THE OO APPROACH
If you want to modify data in an object, you know

exactly what functions interact with it (i.e. the member functions of the object). This simplifies writing, debugging, and maintaining the programs An OO program consists of a number of objects which communicate with each others member functions

THE OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM

object

Data
Member Function Member Function object

object

Data Member Function Member Function

Data

Member Function
Member Function

CHARACTERISTICS OF OO LANGUAGES
Objects
Classes Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism and overloading

CLASSES
Objects belong to classes A class and an object of that class has the same

relationship as a data type and a variable All objects with the same characteristics (data and functions) constitute one class. A class serves only as a plan, or a template, or sketchof a number of similar things It merely specifies what data and what functions will be included in objects of that class.

CLASSES
Declaring a class doesnt create any objects, just as

mere existence of data type int doesnt create any variables. A class is thus a description of a no. of similar objects. For instance, HUMAN is a class, and JOHN is its instance (object)

Encapsulation
Information hiding
Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together

code and the data it manipulates, and keep both safe from outside inteference and missuse
object Data Member Function Member Function object Data Member Function Member Function

INHERITANCE
Derive other (sub-)classes from an existing class The original class is called the BASE CLASS; the others

are DERIVED CLASSES Each class shares common characteristics with the class from which it was derived, and can also add its own modifications, additions. For instance, VEHICLE is a class from which CAR, TRUCK, BUS, MOTORCYCLE classes can be derived.

INHERITANCE

Base class

Feature A F F Feature B

Feature A F Feature B F Feature C F

Feature A F Feature B F

Feature A F Feature B F

Feature D F
Feature F F Feature E F

Derived classes

POLYMORPHISM AND OVERLOADING

Using

operators or functions in different ways depending on what they are operating on is called polymorphism (lit. one thing with several distinct forms) Overloading is a special case of polymorphism, e.g. +, -, /, << etc.