Chapter II

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS & THERMAL STRESSES

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS Structure for which equilibrium equations are sufficient to obtain the solution are classified as statically determinate. But for some combination of members subjected to axial loads, the solution cannot be obtained by merely using equilibrium equations.The structural problems with number of unknowns greater than the number independent equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate. The following equations are required to solve the problems on statically indeterminate structure. 1) Equilibrium equations based on free body diagram of the structure or part of the structure. 2) Equations based on geometric relations regarding elastic deformations, produced by the loads.

COMPOUND BAR

Material(1)

L1

L2

Material(2)

Material(1)

L1

W A compound bar is one which is made of two or more than two materials rigidly fixed, so that they sustain together an externally applied load. In such cases (i)Relation between deformations of various bars can be found out . Here deformations are same. (ii) Applied load is equal to sum of the loads carried by each bar.

4 (dL)1 = (dL)2 (1/ E1)L1 = (2 /E2)L2

1 = 2 ( E1/E2)(L1/L2)
E1/E2 is called modular ratio

(1)

Total load = load carried by material (1) + load carried by material(2) W = 1 A1 + 2 A2

(2)

From Equation (1) & (2) 1 and 2 can be calculated

Problems

(1) A load of 300KN is supported by a short concrete column 250mm square. The column is strengthened by 4 steel bars in corners with total c/s area of 4800mm2. If Es=15Ec, find the stress in steel and concrete. If the stress in concrete not to exceed 4MPa, find the area of steel required so that the column can support a load of 600KN.

(2)

A mild steel rod 5 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of internal diameter 25mm and thickness 4mm. The composite section is 600mm long and their ends are rigidly connected. It is then acted upon by an axial tensile load of 50kN. Find the stresses & deformation in steel and copper. Take Ecu = 100GPa, Es = 200GPa

10 (3) Three vertical rods AB, CD, EF are hung from rigid supports and connected at their ends by a rigid horizontal bar. Rigid bar carries a vertical load of 20kN. Details of the bar are as follows: (i) Bar AB :- L=500mm, A=100mm2, E=200GPa (ii) Bar CD:- L=900mm, A=300mm2, E=100GPa (iii) Bar EF:- L=600mm, A=200mm2, E=200kN/mm2 If the rigid bar remains horizontal even after loading, determine the stress and elongation in each bar.

Solution:
A 500mm B

C F 900mm D E 600mm

20kN

12 (4) Two copper rods and one steel rod together supports as shown in figure. The stress in copper and steel not to exceed 60MPa and 120MPa respectively. Find the safe load that can be supported. Take Es = 2Ecu

W Copper (30mm30mm) 120mm Copper (30mm30mm)

Steel
(40mm40mm) 80mm

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(5)A rigid bar AB 9m long is suspended by two vertical rods at its

end A and B and hangs in horizontal position by its own weight. The rod at A is brass, 3m long, 1000mm2 c/s and Eb = 105N/mm2. The rod at B is steel, length 5m, 445mm2 c/s and Es = 200GPa. At what distance x from A, if a vertical load P = 3000N be applied if the bar remains horizontal after the load is applied.

Brass 5m 3m 9m

Steel

3000N

16 (6) A mild steel bar of c/s 490mm2 is surrounded by a copper tube of 210mm2 as shown. When they are placed centrally over a rigid bar, it is found that steel bar is 0.15 mm longer. Over this unit a rigid plate carrying a load of 80 kN is placed. Find the stress in each bar, if the length of the compound bar is 1m. Take Es = 200 GPa, Ecu = 100 GPa. 80kN 0.15mm 1000mm Steel bar Copper tube

Temperature Stress
A L A B

18

B P

L
A B

TL

L Any material is capable of expanding or contracting freely due to rise or fall in temperature. If it is subjected to rise in temperature of TC, it expands freely by an amount TL as shown in figure. Where is the coefficient of linear expansion, TC = rise in temperature and L = original length.

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From the above figure it is seen that B shifts to B' by an amount TL. If this expansion is to be prevented a compressive force is required at B'. Temperature strain = TL/(L + TL) TL/L= T Temperature stress = TE
Hence the temperature strain is the ratio of expansion or contraction prevented to its original length.

If a gap is provided for expansion then Temperature strain = (TL ) / L Temperature stress = [(TL )/L] E

20 Temperature stress in compound bars:Material(1) Material(2) (dL)2 (dL)1 P2 1TL x P1

2TL
x When a compound bar is subjected to change in temperature, both the materials will experience stresses of opposite nature. Compressive force on material (1) = tensile force on material (2) 1A1 = 2A2 (there is no external load) 1=( 2A2)/A1 (1)

21 As the two bars are connected together, the actual position of the bars will be at XX. Actual expansion in material (1) = actual expansion in material (2) 1TL (dL)1 = 2TL + (dL)2 1TL (1 / E1) L =2TL + (2 / E2) L

T (1 / E1) = 2T + 2 / E2 --------------------------(2)
From (1) and (2) magnitude of 1 and 2 can be found out.

PROBLEMS
(1)

22

A steel rail 30m long is at a temperature of 24C. Estimate the elongation when temperature increases to 44C. (1) Calculate the thermal stress in the rail under the following two conditions : (i) No expansion gap provided (ii) If a 6mm gap is provided for expansion (2) If the stress developed is 60MPa , what is the gap left between the rails? Take E = 200GPa, = 18 x 10-6 /C

24 (2) A steel bar is placed between two copper bars. Steel bar and copper bar has c/s 60mm 10mm and 40mm 5mm respectively connected rigidly on each side. If the temperature is raised by 80C, find stress in each metal and change in length. The length of bar at normal temperature is 1m. Es = 200GPa, Ecu= 100GPa, s = 12 x 10-6/ C, cu = 17x10-6/ C x (dL)cu cuTLcu Solution:
Copper Steel Copper 40mm 60mm 40mm sTLs (dL)s Ps Pcu Pcu

1000mm

26 (3) A horizontal rigid bar weighing 200 kN is hung by three vertical rods each of 1m length and 500mm2 c/s symmetrically as shown. Central rod is steel and the outer rods are copper. Temperature rise is 40C. (1) Determine the load carried by each rod and by how much the horizontal bar descend? Given Es = 200GPa. Ecu=100GPa. s =1.2 x 105/C. =1.8x 10-5/C. (2) What should be the temperature rise if the cu entire load of 200kN is to be carried by steel alone.

Copper Pcu (dL)T (dL)L

Steel Ps (dL) (dL) T

L

Copper Pcu

200kN

(dL) (dL) T
L

29 (4) A rigid bar AB is hinged at A and is supported by copper and steel bars as shown each having c/s area 500mm2. If temperature is raised by 50C, find stresses in each bar. Assume Ecu = 100 Gpa. Es= 200GPa, s = 1.2 x 10-5/C cu = 18 x 10-6/C Copper A D 200mm C Steel E 150mm B

RA A cuTLcu

C
C' C" (dL)cu B"

sTLs (dL)s

Ps

B'

32 (5) A composite bar is rigidly fixed at A and B.Determine the reaction at the support when the temperature is raised by 20C. Take EAl = 70GPa, Es = 200GPa, Al = 11 x 10-6/C, s = 12 x 10-6/C. A = 600mm2 A = 300mm2 B Steel 3m

Aluminium
1m

40kN

35 (6) A bar is composed of 3 segments as shown in figure. Find the stress developed in each material when the temperature is raised by 50C under two conditions i)Supports are perfectly rigid ii) Right hand support yields by 0.2mm Take Es = 200GPa, Ecu =100GPa, Eal = 70GPa, s = 12 x 10-6/C,

cu = 18 x 10-6/C, al = 24 x 10-6/C.
A=600mm2 A=400mm2 A=200mm2 Steel 150mm 200mm 150mm Copper Aluminium

Exercise problems

38

1) A circular concrete pillar consists of six steel rods of 22mm diameter each reinforced into it. Determine the diameter of pillar required when it has to carry a load of 1000kN. Take allowable stresses for steel & concrete as 140Mpa & 8Mpa respectively. The modular ratio is 15 ANS: D=344.3mm

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2) Determine the stresses & deformation induced in Bronze & steel as shown in figure. Given As=1000mm2, Ab=600mm2, Es= 200Gpa, Eb= 83Gpa ANS: ( b=55Mpa, s=93.5Mpa, dLs=dLb=0.093mm)

Steel Bronze Bronze

160kN

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3) A cart wheel of 1.2m diameter is to be provided with steel tyre. Assume the wheel to be rigid. If the stress in steel does not exceed 140MPa, calculate minimum diameter of steel tyre & minimum temperature to which it should be heated before on to the wheel. ANS: d=1199.16mm T=58.330C 4) A brass rod 20mm diameter enclosed in a steel tube of 25mm internal diameter & 10mm thick. The bar & the tube are initially 2m long & rigidly fastened at both the ends. The temperature is raised from 200C to 800C. Find the stresses in both the materials. If the composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 50kN, find the total stress. Es=200GPa, Eb=80GPa, s=1210-6/0C, b=1910-6/0C. ANS: b=8.81N/mm2 ( C ) , s=47.99N/mm2( T )