Introduction and History of Anatomy/Levels of Organization

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Definitions
Anatomy- From Greek to cut open Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology branch of biological science

dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy
Probably began with

early examinations of sacrifice victims.

First documented by

Egyptians ~1600 BC papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Egyptian anatomical

Hippocrates
Greek physician

who studied anatomy, and speculated physiology Father of Anatomy Much of his work remains today Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

Hippocrates Beliefs
Sickness was not a

divine punishment

Medicine should be

ethical (Hippocratic oath)

Patient

confidentiality

Galen
2nd Century AD Compiled

anatomical studies of earlier writers

Also performed

vivisection on animals

Medicine during Medieval Times

When Rome fell,

little was done to advance the studies.

Desecration of the

body was taboo

Cadavers were no

longer used

16th Century Contributions

Began to compile

extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

Discovered the

physiology of circulatory system

17th and 18th centuries

Few dissections were

allowed

Only certain scientists

were allowed to perform them others wishing to see and draw the dissected bodies.

Tickets were sold to

Doctors literally traveled

19th Century
Began studying

developmental anatomy England became the center of anatomical research Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses Grays Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

Modern Anatomy
Use of new

technology provided further understanding of both structure and function of organs and organ systems

CT scans, X-rays,

Genetic tests, MRI

Future of Anatomy
Health related

studies are now centered around molecular biology Looking for genetic and molecular indicators of disease New assays conducted more in vitro vs. in vivo

Levels of Organization

Starting with the largest

Organism (in this

case humans)

Collection of organ

systems which function together

Organ system
Organs which work

together to perform a certain function

Ie. Circulatory

system

Organ
Collection of tissues

that work together to form an organ system

ie. Heart, blood,

vein, capillary, etc.

Tissue
Cells which work

together to form an organ

Ie. Cardiac muscle

tissue, elastic tissue surrounding veins and arteries

Cell
Work together to

form a tissue

Ie. RBC, WBC,

cardiac muscle cell

Molecule
Work collectively to

form a cell

Ie. Protein,

carbohydrate, lipid

Atom
Most basic that

anything can be broken down into and still exhibit characteristics of itself

Ie. Nitrogen,

oxygen, carbon

Body Planes, Sections, and Cavitites

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Body planes
Body is 3D Can be split into

three planes

Sagittal Coronal Transverse

Sagittal Plane
Plane splitting the

body into two parts (left and right)

Sagittal section is a

cut made longitudinally along the body

If it splits into two

equal parts = midsagittal

Coronal Plane
Plane which splits

body into anterior and posterior section

Ie. Facelift

Transverse Plane
Separates body

along horizontal plane section

Also called a cross Will divide an

organism into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities
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Cavities
Opening within

body which protects internal organs, and allows transfer of materials/informat ion

2 Divisions
Dorsal Ventral

Dorsal Cavities
Made up of two

smaller cavities

1) Cranial Cavity

holds and protects brain 2) Spinal Cavity column which runs through vertebra and protects spinal chord

Ventral Cavities
Divided into two

smaller cavities

1) Thoracic chest

area (holds heart, lungs, and diaphragm)

2) Abdominopelvic

lower torso (holds digestive and reproductive organs)

Seros a

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives:

1.) parietal or visceral

Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ

2.)

pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal*

Pericardial: heart Pleural: lungs Peritoneal: abdominal

*The 2nd adjective can become a noun:

9 abdominal regions; 4 quadrants

The important regions:

epigastri c

umbil inguina ical

l, (or iliac)

flan k
(side but in back)

The 4 quadrants: RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

Whats underneath

Anatomy Terms
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 Superior towards head Inferior (caudal) towards the lower part of a body

part

Anterior (ventral) front Posterior (dorsal) back Medial toward the midline of the body Lateral Away from the midline Intermediate between a more medial and lateral

position (center)

Proximal Closer to the origin of the body

part

Distal closer to the end of the body part Superficial Toward the body surface Deep Away from the body surface