Op-Amp

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Temperature Drift or Thermal Drift

Main parameters 1. Input Offset Voltage 2. Input Bias Current 3. Input offset current

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 Main parameters are affected by below parameters: 1. Temperature 2. Supply voltage changes 3. Time The effect of change in Temperature on the parameters is most affected.

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The effect of change in temperature on different parameters: 1. Effect on input offset voltage: The effect of change in temperature on the input offset voltage is defined by a factor thermal voltage drift called as input offset voltage drift.

Input offset voltage drift = Vios/T

where Vios = Change in input offset voltage T = Change in Temperature It is expressed in uV/C

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The drift is not constant and it is not uniform over specified operating range. The value of the input offset voltage may increase or decrease with increase temperature.

Ambient Temperature

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2. Effect on input offset and Bias currents

The effect of temperature on input bias current is defined by a factor called Input bias current drift while effect on input offset current is defined by a factor input bias offset current drift. Thermal Drift in input bias current = Ib/T
Thermal Drift in input offset current = Iios/T

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 The drifts are measured in nA/C or pA/C These parameters vary randomly with temperature i.e. there may be positive in one temperature range and negative in another.

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-Effect of input offset voltage

Vcos This data is available in data sheet. For IC 741 op-amp the value of input offset voltage is 6mv maximum. That means the voltage at the inverting terminal may differ from that of the non inverting terminal.

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As shown in fig. closed loop amplifier. Here non-inverting terminal is at 0v and node A is at Vios volts

The input offset voltage produces the output which is called output offset voltage . This voltage not only depends on Vios but also on the circuits components R1 and Rf
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-Effect of input Bias current

When Vio = 0 then Vo = 0; But practically current Ib1 comes directly from ground and produces no voltage. Neglecting input offset voltage , the current Ib2 flows entirely through the feedback resistor Rf . So bias current produces the voltage drop across Rf which is Vo. Vo = Ib2 * Rf

The value of input bias current is also provided in data sheet For IC 741, value of input bias current = 500 nA Rf = 1M Vo = 500 mV

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-Total output offset voltage without compensation

It may be positive or negative. If both the terms have same sign then the total voltage will be large.

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-Universal

Balancing Techniques

Somme ICS like 741 provide compensating pins

The circuit is shown of input voltage compensating network. Before applying any external input we can compensate offset voltage. This process is called Nulled or Balanced.
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If the op-amp does not have the offset compensation pins then separate external compensating network is required to be deigned like above fig.

This is the compensation network for the open loop. We can set similar network for the closed loop also.

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-Input

Bias compensation

The voltage across Rcomp is V1 but node b is negative with respect to ground. Nodes a and b are always equipotential. So node a is also at V1 potential with respect to ground.

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Now applying the KVL from ground to point a , to output to ground through feedback

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-Effect

of input offset current on output voltage

The effect of the input bias current is compensated with Rcomp, the input offset current still contributes the output voltage. Neglecting Vios we can write

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Thus to reduce the effect of input offset current , the feedback resistance Rf must be as small as possible. The total output voltage for an opamp which is compensated for input bias current using Rcomp is given by

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-Error

Voltage due to Temperature Drifts

To change in temperature causes the change in input offset current and input offset voltage. This change is expressed in terms of the respective drifts. These drifts cause the change in the total output offset voltage Voos which is called error voltage denoted as Ev.

Any change in Vios and Iios due to change in temperature ,change the value of output offset voltage At room temperature both are zero so the value of Voos will be zero.
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5.91

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