OLEH : HARRY RAMADHAN SUMARDI INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN SAINS

BANDUNG

PETROLEUM

What is Petroleum ?
Petroleum is the general term for solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons.

What is hydrocarbon ?
Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen and which are the basis of oil, natural gas and coal.

What is conventional crude oil ?

Conventional is oil that flows naturally or that can be pumped without being heated or diluted.

WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2011

Global primary energy demand grows 40% between 2009 & 2035, oil remain the leading through natural gas demand rises the most in absolute terms. U.S. EIA, World Energy Outlook 2011, 2010

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY TODAY

Higher Demand Lower Supply

Higher E&P Cost

Using EOR

New Energy Resources

Renewable Energy

THE UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

What is unconventional resources ?

Unconventional resources is petroleum produced and extracted using techniques other than the conventional method.

What is heavy oil or extra heavy oil ?

Heavy oil and bitumen (the primary hydrocarbon component of oil sands) are types of crude oil, a naturally occurring petroleum.

What is oil sand ?

Oil sand are mixtures of sand, water, clay and crude bitumen.

What is tar sand ?

Tar sand are sandstones saturated with heavy or extra-heavy

oil.

HEAVY OIL (DEFINITION)

Heavy oil is a crude oil with API gravity lower than 25 (API gravity < 25). Changes on physical properties because biological, geological, or chemical process during hydrocarbon migration or after hydrocarbon entrapment on the reservoir rock. Heavy oil is crude oil which consist large amount of heavier molecule structure such as asphaltenes, resins, and preasphaltenes.

HEAVY OIL CLASSIFICATION (BASED MAINLY ON DOWNHOLE VISCOSITY)

Medium Heavy Oil (A Class) Extra Heavy Oil (B Class)
Tar Sands and Bitumen (C Class) Oil Shale (D Class)
100 cPo > > 10 cPo 25 > dAPI > 18 Mobile at resrvoir condition 10.000 cPo > > 100 cPo 20 > dAPI > 7 Mobile at reservoir condition > 10.000 cPo 12 > dAPI > 7 Non mobile at reseroir condition

No permaibility Reseroir = source rock Mining extraction only

WORLD HEAVY OIL IN PLACE DISCOVERED

South East Asia, Asia, 18 168 Russia, 182 Southe ast Asia and Oceani North a, 68 Americ a, 650

Middle East, 971

South Americ a, 1099

Transc aucasia Africa, , 52 83

Europe , 75

WHERE HEAVY OIL FOUND ?

Faja del Orinoco, Mene Grande, 1914 Thickness 550 ft

ORINOCO FIELD & DURI FIELD

Duri Field Thickness 120 ft 500 ft 55,000 m2

Depth
API gravity Oil production IOIP Porosity Rs Viscosity (dead oil) Viscosity (live oil) Sand characteristic

1,700 -2,350 ft
8.4 -10 API 264 BOPDW 1.36 TBO 30% - 35% 60 - 70 scf/bbl 5000 cP 1200 - 2000 cP Unconsolidated Porosity 34% 15 scf/bbl Depth

Area

API gravity Permeability IOIP

17 -21 API 1,500 mD 1.36 TBO

Compressibility

80 - 90 (10-6) psi-1

Rs Viscosity (100 F)

Reservoir Pressure

630 - 895 psi

330 cP

Reservoir Temperature

100 -135 F

Viscosity (300 F)

8.2 cP

HOW HEAVY OIL FORMED ?

Heavy oil can be formed by : 1. Oil expelled from its source rock as immature oil. 2. Oil accumulation on the entrapment zone is later elevated into an oxidizing zone and several processes (water washing, bacterial degradation, and evaporation) can convert the oil to heavy oil. 3. Biodegradation occur at depth in subsurface reservoirs (Tmax = 176 F). (Head, Jones, and Larter, 2003) The low molecular weight components also may be lost through water washing in the reservoir, thermal fractionation, and evaporation when the reservoir is breached at the earths surface. (Barker, 1979) Found indication that 75% of the original oil constituents in the C15+ range had been removed as a result of alteration processes. (Tannen-baum, Starinsky, and Aizenshtat,1987)

GEOLOGICAL PROCESS

BACTERIAL DEGRADATION
An active water supply is required to carry the bacteria, inorganic nutrients, and oxygen to the oil reservoir, and to remove toxic byproducts, such as hydrogen sulfide, with low weight hydrocarbons providing the

HEAVY OIL PROPERTIES

API gravity

West Texas Intermediate (40) Canadian Syncrude (30) Arab Light (32) Alaska NS Crude (29) Arab Heavy (27) Alaska Viscous (16-24) Alaska Heavy (8-14) Venezuela : Orinoco (10) Canadian Lloydminster (9-18) Canadian Athabasca (6-10)

Light

Medium

Heavy

Extra Heavy

HEAVY OIL VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the resistance a material has to change in form. It is commonly described as internal friction. Viscosity (Physical Property) Flows through reservoir very slowly : well produce at lower rates than light oil wells. Heavy oil development involve lot of wells. Waterflooding is not viable due to viscosity contrast between heavy oil and water. Thermal techniques can be effective in increasing recovery but energy balance is an issue and conditions must be just right in the reservoir.

Viscosity reduction : heat & dilution (diluent)

HEAVY OIL VISCOSITY

HEAVY OIL COMPONENT

Hydrogen Content (Chemical Property) Heavy oil is depleted in hydrogen relative to light oil. Fewer refined products are derived from heavy oil. Heavy oil fetches a lower price on the market.
Depth C1-C4

Conventional Oil Attribute Unit

Medium Oil

Heavy Oil

Natural Bitumen

(131 basins, (74 basins, 774 (127 basins, (50 basins, 305 8148 deposits) deposits) 1199 deposits) deposits)

ft vol% vol% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt% wt%

5,139.60

3,280.20

3,250.00

1,223.80

2.8 31.5 1.8 2.9 8.9

0.8 11.1 5.2 8.2 25.1

0.6 6.8 8 13 38.8 4.4 13.7 23.7 67

Gasoline + naphtha Conradson Carbon Coke Asphalt

Carbon
Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Residuum Asphaltenes Asphaltenes + resins Aluminum Copper Iron Mercury Nickel Lead Titanium

85.3
12.1 0.1 1.2 0.4 22.1 2.5 10.9 1.174 0.439 6.443 19.312 8.023 0.933 0.289

83.2
11.7 0.2 1.6 1.6 39.8 6.5 28.5 1.906 0.569 16.588 15 32.912 1.548 0.465

85.1
11.4 0.4 2.5 2.9 52.8 12.7 35.6 236.021 3.965 371.05 8.74 59.106 1.159 8.025

82.1
10.3 0.6

wt%
wt% vol% wt% wt% ppm ppm

4.4 62.2 26.1 49.2 21,040.03 44.884 4,292.96 0.019 89.137 4.758 493.129

ppm
ppm ppm ppm ppm

HEAVY OIL DEPLETION TECHNOLOGY

Lower Economy Recovery (<10%)
Primary With Sand CHOPS* High Density Vertical Wells Without Sand Horizontal Wells

Waterflood

Cold
Floods Polymerflood

NGLs
EOR Wells Solvent VAPEX**

Heavy Oil Extraction Technology

Steam Drive Microbial CO2

Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) Thermal (EOR)

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Downhole Electric Heating In-Situ Combustion & THAI

Shaft Mining Open Pit Mining

Higher Economy Recovery (<98%)

RECOVERY METHODS
Cold Primary Low Viscosity
CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand)
Heterogen Reservoir Homogen Reservoir

Horizontal Wells & Fish Bone Wells

Oil Quality

CO2 & Solvent

THAI & InSitu Combustio n

Microbial
High Viscosity

CSS (Cyclic Steam Stimulatio n)

SAGD (Steam Assited Gravity Drainage)

HORIZONTAL WELLS & MOTHERBORES

The horizontal well concept is to maximize contact with the reservoir. Horizontal wells are operationally simple as they keep sand out, but recovery factor is likely low and well density must be high to compensate

THERMALLY RECOVERY METHODS

SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) Cyclic Steam Stimulation Or Huff & Puff

EOR METHODS FOR HEAVY OIL SHOWING PRIMARY THRESHOLD CRITERIA

THANK YOU

REFERENSI

Extra Heavy Oil and Bitumen; Impact of Technologies on the Recoery Factor. Total S.A., 2003. (pdf) Heavy Oil vs. Light Oil. British Petroleum plc., 2011. (pdf) Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen Resources in Geological Basins of the World. Meyer, Richard F; Attanasi, Emil D; Freemen, Philip A. USGS. 2007. (pdf) Biological Activity in the Deep Subsurface and the Origin of Heavy Oil. Head, Ian M; Jones, D. Martin; Larter, Steve R. Nature Publishing Group. 2003 (pdf)