Review from last class: Amperes law and Lorentz forces

thumbs up RH rule
(Amperes Law).
What is the direction of the
force on each particle?
A) Left E) Into the page
B) Right F) Out of the page
C) Up
D) Down
gun RH rule
(Lorentz force).
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_DSV2omWInJM/R-
R_NfbpIHI/AAAAAAAABUM/DvAbWu4jvL0/s400/finger%2Bgun.jpg
Forces on current carrying wires (leads to motors)
Force is upwards!
u sin IlB
B Il F
=
=

For a flat length of wire
in a uniform field:

l
Force on a current loop
As shown in the figure, a current loop is at
an angle | to the horizontal. A uniform
magnetic field points upward along z.
What is the net force on the loop?
x
y
z
|
|
a
a
b
b
I
I
I
I
A
|
Okay, the net force is zero
but is the loop in equilibrium?
x
z
y |
b/2
b/2
Side view
No theres torque! (It will rotate!)
right side: F = IaB right
front side: F = IbBsin| forwards
left side: F = IaB left
back side: F = IbBsin| backwards
Current loops
Some important limits:
Maximum torque:
B-field and loops normal are .
No torque:
B-field and loops normal aligned.
The torque causes rotations:
this is how motors work.
Actual electric motors frequently have
commutators to switch around between
loops, changing which loop has current, to
keep the rotation even.
Also: Changing B-Fields can make currents! (leads to generators)
Magnetic Flux:

}
= u BA dA B
B
~
Michael Faradays lab experiments:
http://phet-web.colorado.edu/web-pages/simulations-base.html
Whats going on?
Changing magnetic flux (field x area) in a
conducting loop causes induced current.
dt
d
B
u
= Emf
We can create larger currents in a few ways:
Changing the magnetic field faster.
Increasing the size of the loop.
Increasing the number of loops.
Changing the resistance of the loop.
The induced current is caused by an induced
emf (voltage), related to the changing flux by:
Faradays Law of Induction
http://www.if.ufrj.br/famous/faraday.jpg
A closer look at Faradays law of induction
Now what does that pesky negative sign indicate?
The sign of the emf tells us
the direction of the current.
Current flows in a direction
that OPPOSES a change in
magnetic flux!
dt
d
B
u
= Emf
A
B
(decreasing)
A
B
(increasing)
First another historical note (not just Faraday; also Joseph Henry!)
~1865
http://www.150.si.edu/chap2/2famil.htm
Lenzs Law a conceptual look at Faraday
The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to
oppose the cause of the effect.
This is necessary for ENERGY CONSERVATION.
The field could be changing, the
conductors could be moving or shifting
space but the result is always to
oppose a CHANGE in flux.
Concept Question!
In the figure a magnetic field points
down through a loop, but its magnitude
is decreasing. What is the direction of
the induced current?
A. Clockwise
B. Counter-clockwise
C. There would be no
induced current
A
B
(decreasing)
If the magnetic field pointed directly
to the right and its magnitude was
increasing, what would be the
direction of the induced current?
A. Clockwise
B. Counter-clockwise
C. There would be no induced current.
Simple Alternating Generators
A rectangular loop is rotated with
constant angular speed about the axis
shown. The magnetic field is constant.
At time t = 0, the | = 0.
Determine the induced emf (which can
generate electric current).
A DC Generator
r
II
L
F
t

2
'
0
=
Good DC generators have lots
of rings and many commutator
segments -- taking advantage of
when the flux is changing the
fastest (in this case when the ring
is nearly flat).
A split ring commutator means we
connect to a new ring every time the
ring is perpendicular to the field.
http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14177/img/14177_31_1.jpg
Applications (induced currents / generators):
http://www.talgov.com/you/electric/images/hydro.jpg
http://www.familycar.com/Classroom/charging.htm
Car alternators
Power plants
http://www.tva.gov/power/coalart.htm http://img2.timeinc.net/toh/i/a/anniversary/features/innovation-stoves-05.jpg
Induction stoves
Also: induction
brakes (turn on
electromagnets
OR approach
brake rotor with
magnets)