RADAR ITS HISTORY PRINCIPLES STEALTH TECHNOLOGY RCS- RADAR CROSS SECTION MINIMIZING RCS DISADVANTAGES AND FUTURE

RADAR
RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is a way to detect far off targets by transmitting a radio pulse in the direction of the target and observing the reflection of the wave.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1865 :The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell developed his electro-magnetic light theory (Description of the electromagnetic waves and her propagation) 1940 :Different radar equipment are developed in the USA, Russia, Germany, France and Japan.

PRIMARY RADAR SET

PRINCIPLES OF RADAR
ECHO

DOPPLER SHIFT

1. Echo can be considered 1. This is second principle of as a wave bouncing off radar. the surface and coming 2. This can be used to detect the back to source. speed of target approaching. 2. This principle can be used to detect distance of target .

DETERMINING RANGE WITH PULSE RADAR

Range
c = 3 x 108 m/sec t is time to receive return

c*t 2

divide by 2 because pulse traveled to object and back

DOPPLER SHIFT
It is used to calculate

the velocity of detected objects.

DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS

Motion Away: Echo Frequency Decreases

Motion Towards: Echo Frequency Increases

STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY STEALTH ?

RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS)

O Radar Cross Section Is A

Measure Of How Detectable An Object Is With A Radar. An Object Is More Easily Detected.

O A Larger RCS Indicates That

 RAS- RADAR ABSORBENT SURFACE RAM- RADAR ABSORBENT MATERIAL

MINIMIZING R.C.S.
RAS- RADAR ABSORBENT SURFACE GEOMETRIC DESIGN : 1. Conventional aircraft use round shape cone 2. The stealth aircraft is made up of flat surface and very sharp edges 3. Radar signal heating the stealth plane are scattered in all directions by this.

MINIMIZING
RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL: 1. Metallic surfaces generally reflect the radar signals. 2. There stealth aircraft should be coated with radar absorbent materials. 3. Which deflect and absorbed incoming radar waves and reduce the detection range.

R.C.S.

PLASMA STEALTH
A c t i v e s t e a l t h t e c h n o l o g y A i r c r a f t i n j e c t s a p l a s m a i n front of the aircraft I t c o v e r s e n t i r e b o d y o f t h e fighter A b s o r b m o s t o f t h e electromagnetic energy of radar wave Example:- MiG-35(super fulcrum/raptor killer)

AVOIDING IR SIGNATURE
Its like flying a plane with no engine Depends on the engine and where the engine is placed in an aircraft By placing engines deep into the fuselage

VISUAL STEALTH
Low visibility is desirable for all military applications. Earlier stealth aircraft were painted black and thus could be used during nights. Now days an electro chromic polymer is being developed for daytime stealth. These polymer sheets sense nature of the surrounding and change there color accordingly.

VISUAL STEALTH

DISADVANTAGES OF STEALTH Stealth aircraft cannot fly as fast as conventional aircraft Can carry limited amount of load Providing missiles with RAM and RAS is an impossible by the cost of these things. Expensive B-2 cost [ $2 billion ] ,F-22 [$100 million ]

FUTURE OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

Future of air combat. Be incorporated in fighters and bombers but also in ships, helicopters, tanks and transport planes. In due course of time we can see many improvements in the field of military aviation which would one-day even make stealth technology obsolete

Name: Amit Kumar Sec: G4001 Roll: A72 Reg.- 11011486