TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH IN T

Nhm 6: Mai Thanh Minh Nguyn Thanh Sn Nguyn Thanh Tun Nguyn Th Nht L

08108341 08220511 08106231 08227521

4/13/2012

THNG 11-2011

NI DUNG
Phn 1: Mng truyn dn quang ng b SONET

I. Gii Thiu SONET II. Cu trc tn hiu ng b III. Add Drop Multiplexer
Phn 2: Mng phn cp s ng b SDH

IV. Gii thiu SDH V. Tc bit chun ca SDH VI. Giao din v cu trc khung ca SDH
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Phn 1

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19.2.1 Gii thiu v bi cnh

Cc tiu chun SONET c pht trin bi cc y ban ANSI T1X1 vi phin bn u tin vo nm 1988. Tiu chun ny quy nh cc tnh nng v chc nng ca mt h thng giao thng vn ti da trn cc nguyn tc ca ghp knh ng b. Trong bn cht ny c ngha l nhnh tn hiu ring l c th c ghp trc tip vo mt mc tn hiu SONET cao hn m khng cn giai on ghp knh trung gian. DS1 v E1 kh hn ch kh nng qun l, kim sot v gim st mng. SONET (SDH) cung cp mt kh nng phong ph trong xy dng qun l mng tin tin v kh nng bo tr. Gn 5% SONET cu trc tn hiu c phn b h tr qun l v bo tr v vn hnh.
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19.2.1 Gii thiu v bi cnh

SONET c kh nng vn chuyn tt c cc tn hiu nhnh c nh ngha cho cc mng k thut s tn ti ngy nay. iu ny c ngha rng SONET c th c trin khai trn mng hin c v thch hp tng kh nng linh hot cho mng bng cch vn chuyn cc loi tn hiu hin c. Ngoi ra, SONET c s thch ng d dng cc loi tn hiu dch v khch hng nh SMDS v ATM. Trn thc t, n c ti bt k da trn nh dng nh phn chng hn nh TCP / IP, SNA, OSI ch , X.25, frame relay, v cc nh dng LAN, c ng gi truyn dn. 4/13/2012 5

19.2.2 Cu trc tn hiu ng b

SONET da trn mt tn hiu ng b bao gm cc octet 8-bit, c t chc thnh mt cu trc khung. Mt khung gm N dng v M ct, trong 1 vung cha mt octet (1 byte). Cc gc trn_bn tri cha mt nhn dng marker ni nhn bit l ch bt u ca khung. SONET bao gm mt cu trc c bn, cp u tin c gi l STS-1. nh ngha ca cp u tin cng xc nh ton b h thng phn cp ca tn hiu SONET bi v tn hiu SONET cp cao hn thu c bng cch ghp knh ng b cc m-un cp thp hn. Khi cp m-un di c ghp vi nhau, kt qu c k hiu l STS-N, N l mt s nguyn.
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19.2.2 Cu trc tn hiu ng b

Kt qu nh dng sau c th c chuyn i sang OC-N hoc STS-N tn hiu in. C mt mi quan h t l nguyn gia cc m-un c bn tn hiu in STS-1 v OC-N : V d, OC-N bng N tn hiu STS-1. Ch c OC-1, -3, -12, -24, -48, -192 c h tr SONET ngy nay.
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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Khung STS-1 l cc m-un c bn v l khi xy dng ca SONET. y l mt trnh t ca 810octets3 (6480 bit), trong bao gm cc octets overhead khc nhau v envelope capacity (dung lng ti trng ca khung). STS-1 c m t nh mt khung 90 ct, 9 hng, thi gian ca 1 khung l125 s (8000 frames per second). STS-1 c tc bit 51,840 Mbps. Hnh 19.1. Trnh t truyn ca octet l hng qua hng, t tri sang phi. Trong mi octet ca STS-1 bit trng s cao nht c truyn u tin.
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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Ba ct u tin gm ccTransport Overhead. C 27 octet, trong 9 ci c s dng lm Section Overhead v 18 octet cha Line Overhead. Cn li 87 ct to nn dung lng ca mng STS-1: Synchronous payload envelope (SPE) l dung lng ca frame STS-1. SPE STS-1 bao gm 783 octet v c m t trong cu trc 87 ct, 9-hng. Trong cu trc SPE, ct 1 c 9 octet l Path Overhead ca STS (Poh). Ct 30 v 59 khng c dng payload m c dng nh mt ct fixed-stuff c nh chia SPE ra tng phn gm 27 octet. 756 octet trong 84 ct cn li c s dng cho ti trng thc t ca frame STS-1.
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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Hnh 19.3 Poh v dung lng STS-1 trng ti trong SPE STS-1. Lu rng ti trng trong khung STS-1 ch c 84 ct.
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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Cc octet trong cc ct fixed-stuff ny c gi tr khng xc nh. Cc gi tr b tr cho cc ct fixed-stuff ca mi SPE trong STS-1 s to ra tnh chn l trong cc b tnh ton con ng BIP ca STS-1.

SPE STS-1 c th bt u bt c ni no trong dung lng ca mng STS-1, bt u trong frame STS-1 ny v kt thc trong frame tip theo. i khi SPE c th hon ton nm trong mt frame. STS payload pointer (F) thay i kch c trong transport overhead. N ch nh v tr ca octet tip theo ch SPE bt u. payload pointer F c m t nh sau.
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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Hnh 19.4 STS-1 SPE thng nm trong khung STS-1

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19.2.2.1 Khi cu trc c bn

Poh STS lin quan ti mi payload v c s dng trao i cc mu thng tin khc nhau t im pht n im nhn SPE STS-1.
Mt trong s cc mu thng tin trong Poh l bo hiu v hiu sut truyn d liu.

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19.2.2.2 STS-N Frame

Cc frame l s sp xp trnh t ca cc octet. Khung STS-N c to thnh t cc octet STS-1 v STS-M (M<N). Transport overhead ring ca tng STS1 v cc mu STS-M lin kt vo khung trc khi truyn.

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19.2.2.3 STS Concatenation

Concatenation l mi ni lin kt vi nhau theo kiu chui mc xch ca cc STS-1 trong mt STS-N, n

ch ra ni cha ni dung ca phn k tip thng qua payload pointer n ca STS. Cu trc mt STS-N gm Nx(87 ct v 9 hng). Bi v s lin kt packet, nn ta ch cn thit lp 1 STS Poh cho SPE ca STS-N. Poh STS lun lun xut hin u tin trong N cc STS1 to nn STS-N. Vi N=3 ta c:
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19.2.2.3 STS Concatenation

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19.2.2.3 STS Concatenation

Hnh 19.7 Cho thy s phn b transport overhead ca mt OC-3 mang theo mt SPE ca STS-3c.

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19.2.2.4 C cu nhnh o (VTs)

Cc SONET SPE STS-1 dung lng 50,11 Mbps c thit k t bit cho nhnh tn hiu DS3. Cu trc VT c s dng cung cp trng ti sub-STS-1 ging nh DS1. N bao gm bn kch c: VT1.5 (1.728 Mbps) cho truyn ti DS1, VT2 (2.304 Mbps) cho E1, VT3 (3.456 Mbps) cho DS1C, VT6 (6.912 Mbps) cho DS2. Cc khi nim nhnh o c minh ha trong hnh 19.8. Bn VT c cu c th hin trong hnh 19.9. Trong cu trc 87 ct, 9-hng ca SPE STS-1, cc VT chim 3, 4, 6, hoc 12 ct, tng ng.
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19.2.2.4 C cu nhnh o (VTs)

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19.2.2.4 C cu nhnh o (VTs)

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19.2.2.4 C cu nhnh o (VTs)

C hai ch hot ng VT: floating mode v locked mode. Floating mode c thit k gim thiu s tr mng n mc ti thiu v cung cp kt ni hon chnh cho vic truyn tn hiu cp VT trong mng ng b, bng cch cho php mi VT SPE float (i vi SPE STS-1) theo th t trnh slip buffers ti mi VT qua cross-connect. Nu dngVT1.5 cross-connected gia h thng truyn ti khc nhau m khng c s tr mng, th floating mode cho php mt DS1 truyn ti mt cch hiu qu qua mng SONET.
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19.2.2.4 C cu nhnh o (VTs)

Locked mode ti thiu ha s phc tp ca giao din v h tr vn chuyn s lng ln ca tn hiu DS1 cho cc ng dng chuyn i k thut s, bng cch kha cc SPE VT ring l cc v tr c nh i vi SPE STS-1, mi SPE VT1.5 s khng c cung cp payload pointer ring ca n. thch ng vi thi gian / vn ng b ha ta phi b tr slip buffers ,do s c s tr mng khi nh tuyn cho VT1.5 thng qua mng SONET.
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19.2.2.5 Cc Pointer Payload

The Payload Pointer STS: cung cp mt phng php cho php lin kt linh hot v nng ng cc SPE STS trong cc gi STS, c lp vi cc ni dung thc t ca SPE. SONET l mng ng b. N da vo ngun xung ca master network clock. Mng s th h mi phi c nhiu hn mt master clock.V d ti Hoa K nhiu tng i nh cc tng i a phng, mi tng i du c master clock ca chnh n. Mi master clock hot ng c lp, v c s n nh tt, nhng vn c th c mt sai s nh trong gia cc xung clock (1 1011 per month). Chc chn s khng th ng b pha c. Do , SONET phi iu chnh khon mt mc master clock hoc phn on vic cung cp xung nhp ca h thng phn phi thi gian.
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19.2.2.5 Cc Pointer Payload

Lc ny, cc chuyn mch ri vo mc n nh xung clock ni

b cp thp hn. Tnh trng ny cng phi c qun l bi SONET. Do , S truyn dn ng b phi c kh nng hot ng hiu qu di nhng iu kin trn, v lc cc nt mng hot ng mc xung clock rt ging nhau. thch ng vi nhng sai s xung clock, SPE c th c iu chnh theo hng positive hoc negative trong mt octet mt thi im truyn ti frame c th, bng cch tnh ton li hoc cp nht li payload pointer mi nt mng SONET. Sai s xung clock, cp nht payload pointer cng nh hng n s iu chnh pha ca xung nhp c i hi gia cc u vo tn hiu SONET v cc nt SONET. iu ny ni ln ngha ca dynamic alignment khi cc STS SPE c float trong STS packet.
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19.2.2.5 Cc Pointer Payload

Payload pointer c cha trong cc octet H1 v H2 trong LOH v ch nh v tr bt u ca octet STS SPE. Hnh 19.10 Bit 1 n 4 l c d liu mi, bit 5 v 6 l khng xc nh. Bit 7 n 16 l gi tr con tr thc t. y l mt s nh phn vi rng t 0 n 782. N ch ra im kt thc con tr v octet u tin ca STS SPE.

Mt gi tr con tr 0 ch ra rng STS SPE bt u sau v tr octet H3, mt offset ca 87 cho bit STS SPE bt u ngay sau v tr octet K2.
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19.2.2.5 Cc Pointer Payload

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19.2.2.5 Cc Pointer Payload

Phn tch con tr trng ti cho bit mt suy gim tn hiu c bit n nh iu chnh ti trng payload adjustment jitter. Suy gim ny xut hin trn mt nhnh nhn tn hiu sau khi phc hi t mt SPE phi chu nhng thay i Payload pointer. Hot ng ca thit b mng x l tn hiu nhnh cc lun pha di ngay lp tc b nh hng do s qu mc jitter ny. Nu thit k cn thn v s phn b xung nhp cho mng li ng b, s iu chnh Payload pointer c th c gim thiu nh nht, do lm gim mc jitter nhnh c th c tch ly qua truyn ti ng b.
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19.2.2.6 Ba cp Overhead ca SONET.

Path (Poh) Line (Loh) Section (SOH) Cc mc overhead, biu din nh l on ko di, c minh ha trong hnh 19.11. Mt chc nng quan trng l h tr hot ng v bo dng mng (OAM).

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19.2.2.6 Ba cp Overhead ca SONET.

Poh. h tr v duy tr s vn chuyn ca SPE gia cc ng dn u cui, gm 9 octet v chim ct u tin ca SPE l ni SPE c lp vo v tho ra. Mt trong s cc chc nng c th ca Poh: Octet B3 BIP (bit-interleaved parity) tnh ton kim tra chn l i vi tt c cc bit ca SPE trc . Tr gi tnh ton c t trong Poh ca khung sau. Octet G1Thng tin bo hiu v hiu sut truyn ti. Octet C2 Mt nhn ng truyn tn hiu cung cp cc chi tit ca cu trc SPE. Rng 8 bit, xc nh 256 cu trc. Octet J1 trnh bi mt thng tin ch v s gn lin vi ng dn,kim tra lin tc kt ni ngun_ch ca ng dn tn hiu ti bt k thit b tip nhn u cui dc theo ng truyn, bng cch gim st chui thng tin.
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19.2.2.6 Ba cp Overhead ca SONET.

Octet F2 m t ng dy orderwire cho thng tin iu khin mng gia cc ng dn thit b. LOH line overhead v SOH section overhead h tr v duy tr s vn chuyn ca SPE gia cc nt lin k. Hai nhm ny chia s 3 ct u tin ca khung STS-1. SOH chim 3 hng u tin (gm 9 octet) v Loh chim 6 hng di cng (18 octet). Cc chc nng ca LOH : Octet H1, H2, H3 Payload pointer . Octet K1 v K2 T ng bo v iu khin chuyn mch. Octet B2 BIP kim tra chn l. Octet D4 D12 576 kbps knh d liu. Octet E2 Thit lp ng dy tc hnh Express orderwire.
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19.2.2.6 Ba cp Overhead ca SONET.

Cc chc nng ca SOH : Mu lin kt cc khung (octet A1, A2). Xc nh STS-1 (octet C1): mt s nh phn tng ng vi th t xut hin trong khung STS-N, m c th c s dng trong qu trnh ng khung v cn li xc nh v tr ca cc tn hiu khc. BIP kim tra chn l (octet B1): gim st phn li. Thng tin lin lc knh d liu (octet D1, D2, D3). Thit lp ng truyn knh ni b (octet E1). Knh ngi s dng (octet F1).
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19.2.2.7 The SPE Assembly/Disassembly Process

Payload mapping l qu trnh lp rp mt tn hiu nhnh vo SPE. L hot ng c bn ca SONET. Dung lng ti trng c cung cp cho mi nhnh tn hiu ring l thng ln hn khng nhiu so vi yu cu ca cc nhnh tn hiu . Qu trnh mapping l ng b ha cc nhnh tn hiu vi cng sut ti trng, bng cch thm cc bit m vo dng bit. Mt nhnh tn hiu DS3 tc danh ngha 44,736 Mbps c ng b vi cng sut ti trng 49,54 Mbps cung 4/13/2012 cp bi mt SPE STS-1. 34

19.2.2.7 The SPE Assembly/Disassembly Process

Vic b sung POH hon tt qu trnh lp rp ca SPE STS-1 v tng tc bit ca tn hiu ni ghp n 50,11 Mbps. Ti cc u cui hoc im nhn cui ca mng, ti trng gc ca DS3 phi c phc hi Disassembly. Qu trnh demapping v desynchronizes cc tn hiu nhnh t tn hiu kt hp SPE bng cch b cc POH v cc bit ph. V d, mt SPE STS-1 ti trng nh x DS3 n vi mt tc tn hiu ca 50,11 Mbps. Kt qu qu trnh stripping l mt tn hiu tn hiu DS3 khng lin tc tc trung bnh l 44,74 Mbps. Cc gin on xung nhp c gim xung bng mt desynchronizing phase-locked loop sau to ra mt tn hiu DS3 lin tc yu cu tc truyn ti trung bnh.
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19.2.2.7 The SPE Assembly/Disassembly Process

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19.2.2.8 Line Rates for Standard SONET Interface Signals

Bng 19.1 cho thy T l ng truyn tiu chun cho OC-N v STS-N.

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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

SONET ADM ghp ni mt hoc nhiu tn hiu DS-N vo knh SONET OC-N. Mt ADM c th c cu hnh cho ch add drop hoc terminal. Trong ch ADM, n c th hot ng vi tn hiu tc thp DS1 ca cc thit b u cui trong mng SONET, nu chng c xung nhp ly t mt ngun xung nhp tng t nhau hoc ly t thit b pht xung ca (SONET) (tc l ng b). Nhng khng th ly xung nhp thi gian t cc ngun khng ng b.
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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

Hnh 19.14 l mt v d ca mt ADM cu hnh ch adddrop vi giao din DS1v OC-N. Mt giao din SONET ADM vi hai tn hiu full-duplex OC-N mt hoc nhiu tn hiu fullduplex DS1, c th cung cp mt giao din tc thp ty : DS1C, DS2, DS3, hoc OC-M (M N). Thng tin trng ti nonpath-terminating n t mi tn hiu u vo OC-N, c a qua ADM SONET v c truyn giao din OC-N bn kia.
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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

Xung nhp cho truyn ti OC-N c ngun gc t: (a) mt trong hai ngun ng b ha bn ngoi, (b) mt tn hiu n OC-N, (c) mi tn hiu n OC-N theo mi hng (through-timing), (d) xung clock ni da vo network application. Mi giao din DS1

c d liu t mt ng vo OC-N v chn d liu vo ng ra OCN theo yu cu. Hnh 19.14 cng cho thy mt giao din ng b ha cho cc trnh ng dng chuyn mch a phng vi xung nhp bn ngoi v hot ng m-un giao din (OIM) cung cp k thut orderwire cc b, bo chung ni b, v cung cp mt giao din cho hot ng ca h thng iu hnh t xa. B iu khin l mt phn ca mi SONET ADM, duy tr v iu khin cc chc nng ADM, kt ni vi giao din k thut ni b hoc t xa v kt ni n yu cu, hot ng ca cc tuyn ty cn thit cho php bo tr, b tr, v kim tra.
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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

Hnh 19.15 cho thy mt v d v mt ADM trong ch terminal hot ng vi giao din DS1. Trong trng hp ny, ADM ghp n Nx(28 DS1)7 ln hoc tng ng vi tn hiu OC-N. Xung nhp cho cu hnh terminal c ly t mt ngun xung ng b bn ngoi, hoc l nhn t tn hiu OC-N, hoc da vo xung clock ni ca chnh n trn network application.

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19.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexer

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Phn 2

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19.3.1 Gii thiu

SDH pht trin Chu u ( bi CCITT ), SONET pht trin Bc M. S khc bit chnh l tc ng truyn ban u. STS-1/OC-1 c tc truyn ban u l 51,84 Mbps v SDH cp 1 c tc bit l 155.520 Mbps. Cc t l ny l cc khi xy dng c bn ca mi h thng. Tc truyn ca SONET STS3/OC-3 tng t nh SDH STM-1 l 155,520 Mbps. Mt im khc bit na l trong tc ng truyn s. Bc M, mng SONET tc truyn l DS1 hoc DS3. Mng SDH cc nc l 2,048 - 34 - 139 Mbps (xem chng 6 ). iu ny c gii quyt trong mi trng SONET / SDH thng qua cc n v qun l SDH (AU) vi tc 34 Mbps
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19.3.2 Tc bit chun

H thng phn cp s ng b cp 1 l 155,525 Mbps H thng phn cp s ng b cp cng cao th tc bit l bi s nguyn ca cp u tin.

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19.3.3 Giao din v cu trc

Hnh 19.16 minh ha mi quan h gia cc phn t ghp knh khc nhau ca SDH v cho thy cc cu trc ghp knh chung.

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19.3.3 Giao din v cu trc

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19.3.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Synchronous Transport Module (STM):
STM mt l cu trc thng tin c s dng h tr kt ni gia cc phn lp trong SDH. N tng t nh STS trong mang SONET. STM bao gm trng ti thng tin v section overhead (SOH) nhng trng thng tin sp xp trong mt khi cu trc c lp li c mi 125 s. Cc thng tin ny thch hp cho truyn ti ni tip trn cc phng tin thng tin c la chn mt tc ng b trn mng. Mt SMT c bn ( SMT-1) c quy nh tc 155,520 Kbps. Nhng SMT bc cao hn c hnh thnh th c tc tng ng vi N ln bi s ca SMT c bn. Kh nng ca SMT khi N=4 v N=16 c nh ngha v c gi tr cao hn c xem xt bi ITU T. Mt STM bao gm mt nhm n v qun l (AUG) cng vi SOH. STM-N c cha N AUGs cng vi SOH.
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19.3.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Container C - n ( n = 1 to n = 4 ):

L n v nh nht trong khung truyn dn, phn t ny c kch thc cha cc byte ti trng thuc mt trong cc lung cn ng b (PDH), lung hnh, lung s liu.
Virtual Container - n ( VC-n )( Container o): VC l mt cu trc thng tin c s dng

h tr kt ni gia cc lp trong SDH. N cha ng thng tin trng ti v t chc thng tin POH trong 1 khi c lp li c mi 125s hoc 500s.
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19.3.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Virtual Container - n ( VC-n )( Container o):

C 2 loi VC: Lower-Order Virtual Container-n, VC-n (n = 1, 2): VC c s. Gm mt C-n (n = 1,2) n cng thm cc byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni hai VCn ny v gi l POH. Higher-Order Virtual Container-n, to VC-n (n = 3, 4): VC-n bc cao hn. Gm mt C-n (n = 3,4) n v tp hp cc nhm khi nhnh (TUG-2S) hoc mt tp ca TU-3S cng vi cc byte mang thng tin iu khin v gim st tuyn ni hai VC-n v c gi l POH.
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19.3.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Administrative Unit-n (AU-n): n v qun l

AU l mt cu trc thng tin cung cp s thch ng gia cc lp cao v b phn ghp knh. N bao gm mt thng tin trng ti ( VC bc cao ) v AUP ( Administrative Unit Pointer). AU-4 gm c VC-4 cng vi AUP, n ch ra s lin kt pha ca VC-4 vi khung SMT-N. AU-3 cng gm c VC-3 cng vi AUP, n th hin s lin kt pha ca VC-3 vi khung SMT-N. Trong mi trung hp AUP l c nh. Mt hoc nhiu AU c nh c nh ngha trong mt trng ti SMT gi l mt nhm AU (AUG). Mt AUG gm cc AU3 v AU-4 thng nht vi nhau.
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19.3.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Tributary Unit-n ( TU-n ): khi nhnh

Gm mt VC cng thm mt con tr khi nhnh. Con tr khi nhnh ch th s ng b pha ca VC-n i vi POH ca VC mc cao hn tip theo. Con tr khi nhnh c v tr c nh so vi POH mc cao hn. Container-n ( n = 1 4 ): Mt container l mt cu trc thng tin m hnh thc l mt mng ng b thng tin ti trng cho 1 VC. Vi mi VC c 1 Container tng ng. Kh nng phi hp c xc nh cho tc mng thng thng c 1 s gii hn trong tiu chun Container.
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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Cu trc khung c bn ca SDH c m t hnh 19.18.

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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Khung STM-1 gm 3 phn chnh: mo u, con tr khi qun l AU v ti trng ca STM-1. Phn mo u: Gm hng 1-3, 5-9 v 9xN ct i vi STM mc N. Con tr khi qun l AU : (nh con tr SONET) Cho php sp xp mt cch linh hot cc VC-n trong khung AU-n. Do con tr c kh nng thch ng vi s thay i, khng ch trong cc giai on ca VC-n v SOH m cn trong cc tc khc nhau ca khung hnh.

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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Con tr AU-4 c cc byte c trng l H1, H2 v H3 (H19.19).

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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Ba con tr AU-3 khc nhau c cha trong tng byte H1, H2, H3 (H19.20)

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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Frequency justication (s cn chnh tn s) :

Nu c mt tn s offset gia tc khung ca AUG v VC-n , th gi tr con tr tng hoc gim khi cn thit, i km bi mt hoc cc octets cn chnh dng hoc m tng ng. Con tr lin tip hot ng phi cch nhau t nht ba khung hnh, trong gi tr con tr l hng s. Nu tc khung ca VC-n l qu chm i vi AUG, th lin kt ca VC-n phi di li nh k trong cng thi gian v gi tr con tr phi c tng ln. Nu tc khung VC-n l qu nhanh i vi cc AUG , th s lin kt ca VC-n phi c nng cao nh k trong cng thi gian v gi tr con tr sau phi c gim i.
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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

Sau y tm tt cc quy tc (Ref.7) gii thch cc con tr AU-n: 1. Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng, con tr xc nh v tr bt u ca VC-n trong khung AU-n. 2. Bt k s thay i t gi tr con tr hin ti c b qua tr khi mt gi tr mi ph hp c nhn c ba ln lin tip hoc trc mt, xem quy tc 3,4 hoc 5 (di y). Gi tr mi ph hp nhn c ba ln lin tip ghi (v d, c u tin hn) quy tc 3 v 4. 3. Nu phn ln cc I-bit ca t con tr c o ngc, mt s hot ng cn chnh dng c ch nh. Gi tr con tr tip theo s c tng ln mt. 4. Nu phn ln cc D-bit ca t con tr c o ngc, mt s hot ng cn chnh m c ch nh. Gi tr con tr tip theo c gim i mt. 5. Nu NDF (c d liu mi) c thit lp thnh 1001, th cc gi tr con tr trng s thay th ci hin ti ch b li bng gi tr con tr mi nu khng ni nhn l trong mt trng thi tng ng vi mt s mt mt ca con tr.
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19.3.3.2 Cu trc khung

n v qun l trong STM-N.

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Trng ti STM-N c th h tr N AUGs, mi AUG c th bao gm mt AU-4 hoc ba AU-3s. VC-n kt hp vi mi AUG-n khng c mt giai on c nh vo khung STM-N. V tr ca octet u tin trong VC-n c ch nh bi con tr AU-n . Con tr AU-n l mt v tr c nh trong khung STM-N. AU-4 c th c mang qua VC-4, mt s ca TUns (n=1,2,3) nh dng mt b dn knh 2 trng thi. AU-3 c th c s dng mang qua VC-3 , mt s ca TU-ns (n-1,2) nh dng mt b dn knh 2 trng thi. Mt v d ca s sp xp ny c th hin hnh 19.22 v 19.23b

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19.3.3.3 S kt ni SMT-1
Cc quy tc kt ni sau y c s dng: 1. Quy tc kt ni hai AUGs da trn hai loi khc nhau ca n v qun l AU c th l AU-4 v AU-3, l s dng cu trc AU-4. V vy, AUG da trn AU-3 th c phn knh mc TUG-2 hoc VC-3 theo loi ti trng v c dn knh li trong mt AUG thng qua cc tuyn TUG3/VC-4/AU-4. 2. Quy tc kt ni VC-11s vn chuyn thng qua cc loi khc nhau ca n nhnh, c th l, TU-11 v TU-12, l s dng cu trc TU-11 VC-11, TU-11 v TU-12 c m t trong ITU. _Rec.G709 (Ref.7).
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