STUDY OF 220KV SWITCH YARD

P.Ramana G.Ranjith G.Madhavi K.Naresh MD.Sartaj baba (08AN1A0247) (08AN1A0218) (08AN1A0216) (08AN1A0231) (08AN1A0238)

INTRODUCTION OF KTPS

APGENCO came into existence on 28.12.1998 and commenced operations from 01.02.1999. This was a sequel to Governments reforms in Power Sector to unbundle the activities relating to Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power.

 All the Generating Stations owned by erstwhile APSEB were transferred to the control of APGENCO. The installed capacity of APGENCO as on September 30, 2010 is 8135.9 MW comprising 4382.50 MW Thermal, 3751.40 MW Hydro and 2 MW Wind power stations, and contributes about half the total Energy Requirement of Andhra Pradesh

STAGES IN KTPS
NAME NO.OF UNITS Individual capacity Total capacity

Station A

60 MW

240 MW

Station B

120 MW

240 MW

Station C

120 MW

240 MW

Stage V

250 MW

500 MW

Stage VI

500 MW

500 MW

TOTAL

1720 MW

Introduction to switch yard

An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, lightning arresters, instrument transformers etc. Electric power between incoming and out going circuits, in substation takes place through bus bars. We can say, the bus bars are junction points capable of carrying huge power. Bus bars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Electrical components of each circuit are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched on/off during normal operations.

EQUIPEMENTS IN SWITCH YARD

An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including bus bars Isolators circuit breakers transformers lighting arresters instrument transformers.etc.

o The flexible ACSR conductors of transmission line and substation bus burs are supported on string insulators. The rigid tubular bus bars in SS are supported on Solid insulators/post insulators. Materials used for insulators o Ceramic (Porcelain, Steatite) o Glass-fiber reinforced epoxy resin rod covered by sheds made of silicon-rubber)

PROPRETIES OF INSULATORS:
o High Electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to earth. o High Mechanical strength to with stand conductor load, wind load etc. o It should be non porous and free from impurities and cracks. o High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.

BUS BARS
The choice of the bus bars scheme for a substation depends upon the degree of reliability and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining the continuity of service and possible faults. TYPES OF BUS BARS ARRANGEMENTS:

SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT SSSSSSSSI

This system is used for 132 KV substations. It is cheapest among all the others bus bars. It is totally shut down in case of a fault.

DOUBLE BUS BARS:

This system is costlier then a single bus bars system. One bus can serve as reserve, which is used during maintenance or fault. It is used for 220 KV sub stations.

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TRANSFER BUS This system has additional flexibility for operation. We can take shut down on a breaker without interrupting the transmission line. It is used for critical 220KV substation.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breaker is automatic switching device which can carrying normal current and switching in & out normal loads Interrupt short circuiting currents Able to performer auto reclose duty. Classification of Circuit breaker: Based on VOLTAGE Low-less than 1kv Medium-1kv to 52kv High/Extra High-66kv to 765kv Ultra High-above 765kv

Based on LOCATION
Indoor Outdoor Based on INTERRUPTING MEDIUM: Air breakAir break Circuit breaker(ACB) Air blastAir blast Circuit breaker..(ABCB) Bulk oil.. Bulk oil Circuit breaker.(BOCB) Minimum oil..Minimum oil Circuit breaker.(MOCB) SF6 gas insulated.SF6 Circuit breaker Vacuum Vacuum Circuit breaker(VCB) Selection of a CB depends on: Type of application Rated voltage, current Its breaking capacity(fault level of the installation) Auto-reclose duty cycle

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Opening operation: Opening is affected by pulling the insulating rod , piston rod , puffer cylinder moving contact, moving arc contact and the nozzle .After contacts wipe the stationary and moving and contact separate, there by generating arc. During down ward movement the gas in puffer chamber builds up and high pressure gas flows through nozzle and quenches the arc. Closing Operation: In closing operation, insulating rod is pulled up and the parts move in the reverse direction of opening operation. And also SF6 gas taken in to puffer chamber.

NAME PLATE DETAILS

RATINGS Type Rated Voltage Rated Insulation Level Rated Frequency Rated Normal Current Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current R.M.S Value for A.C Component Percentage D.C Component Rated Short Circuit Making Current Rated Break Time Rated Short time Current Operating Sequence Rated TRV Operating Mechanism 200-SFM-40A 245kV 1050kVp 50Hz 3150A

40kA 50% 100kA 60ms (3 cycles) 40kA for 3 Sec. 0-0.3S-CO-3 min co 364kVp Spring closing Pneumatic tripping Operating Pressure (air) 16.5kg/cm2 SF6 Gas Pressure 6.0 kg/cm2 at 20c Applicable Standard IEC-62271-100 Opening Time 30ms Closing Time 100ms Pole Discrepancy (Between Poles) 3.3ms The center to center distance between phases is generally 4500mm.but cab\n be changed to suit users specific requirement

ADVANTAGES OF SF6 CB
Mostly widely used in EHV application Low operating noise Simple construction & compact size Easy installation, inspection & maintenance. SF6 is identified as a green house gas.

EARTH SWITCH:
Earthing switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally it is open. When line is disconnected, the earthing switch is closed so as to discharge the voltage trapped on the line. Though the line is disconnected, there is some voltage on the line to which the capacitance between line and earth is charged. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before proceeding, with the maintenance work these voltages are discharged to earth by closing the earth switch. Sequence of operation while opening/closing a circuit:-For taking out of service for maintenance: 1. Open circuit breaker 2. Open isolator 3. Close earth switching While normalizing (closing circuit) 1. Open earth switching 2. Close isolator 3. Close circuit breaker

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

The CVT consists if capacitive potential divider and an inductive medium voltage circuit. The inductive part is immersed in mineral oil and hermetically sealed with an air cushion inside a steel tank. One, two or three capacitor units are mounted on the steel tank and are used as capacitive potential divider provided the current taken by the burden is negligible compared with the current passing through the series connected capacitors.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: Current transformer Potential transformer Current transformer: Current transformer are used for supplying the current circuits of indicating instruments (ammeters, watt meters etc) recording meters (energy meters etc) and protective relays.

 CT is ideally a short circuited transformer where the secondary terminal voltage is zero, and the magnetizing current is negligible. Ip*Np =Is*Ns Ratio error Phase angle error Composite error

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 These instrument are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating instruments, meters, and protective relay. All voltage transformer are designed for a standard secondary voltage of 110v, 110/1.732 (63.5) For voltage transformers at the following is valid: Ep/Es=Np/Ns Actual voltage ratio =Primary volts/secondary volts Voltage transformer errors: A) voltage ratio error B) Phase angle error. The errors at which the VTs operate depend on its burden and primary voltage

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

POTENTIAL TRANFORMER

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

PLCC is economical and reliable method of communication system. The Equipment in a PLCC system are : 1. Trap (Wave trap) 2. Coupling capacitor 3. Earth switch 4. Drainage coil 5. Lighting arrester 6. Line matching unit Carrier wave in PLCC is radio frequency waves of frequencies between 20KHZ to500KHZ.

PLCC SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

ADVATAGES OF PLCC
Because of thick lines, attenuation of signal is less. Leakage of signal is negligible as lines are insulated with H.V string insulators. It is economical, as the same power line is used for communication, without additional cable. Disruption is less. Corona ring provided to maintain the RIV voltage levels low and within specified limits.

TASKS OF THE SWITCH YARD: A). Protection of transmission system (To isolate faulty network from the healthy one). B). Controlling the exchange of power (i.e.to control the power transmission to load points as per requirements). C). Maintain the system frequency within targeted limits (this can be done by rising /lowering of generation or load scheduling) D). Determination of power transfer through transmission lines. E). Fault analysis and subsequent improvement

CONCLUSION
This project OVER ALL EQUIPMENT OF 220KV SWITCH YARD IN KTPS is constructed in such a way that every one can understand about the working and principle of 220kv switchyard equipments. This also explains about battery system used as secondary purpose. Further automatic devices can be provider to insulators like automatic OFF if insulator and giving the signal etc.

ANY QUERIES?

THANK YOU