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Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/Performance
Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/Performance
Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/Performance
S00 1
Lectures 1: Review of
Technology Trends and
Cost/Performance
Prof. Jan M. Rabaey
Computer Science 252
Spring 2000
Computer Architecture in Cory Hall
JR.S00 2
CS 252 Course Focus
Understanding the design techniques, machine
structures, technology factors, evaluation
methods that will determine the form of
programmable processors in 21st Century
Technology
Programming
Languages
Operating
Systems
History
Applications
Interface Design
(ISA)
Measurement &
Evaluation
Computer Architecture:
Instruction Set Design
Organization
Hardware
JR.S00 3
Related Courses
CS 152
CS 152
CS 252
CS 252
CS 258
CS 258
CS 250
CS 250
How to build it
Implementation details
Why, Analysis,
Evaluation
Parallel Architectures,
Languages, Systems
Integrated Circuit
Design
Strong
Prerequisite
Basic knowledge of the
organization of a computer
is assumed!
EE 141
EE 141
Digital Integrated
Circuits
JR.S00 4
Topic Coverage
Textbook: Hennessy and Patterson, Computer
Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed., 1996.
Notes:
Lecture notes will be available on the web-page at the latest at noon of
the lecture day
Midterms and pointers to old exams can be found on the web-pages of
previous offerings (pointers on web-site).
Schedule:
2 Graded Quizes: Thursday Mar. 3 and Thursday Apr. 13
Project Reviews/Checkpoints: Tu. Feb 15, Tu March 14, Tu Apr
11
Performance
Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL) in
cost AND performance and is progressing rapidly
Computer architecture advances improves low-end
RISC, superscalar, RAID,
Function
Rise of networking/local interconnection technology
JR.S00 12
Year
T
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
s
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
i80386
i4004
i8080
Pentium
i80486
i80286
i8086
Technology Trends:
Microprocessor Capacity
CMOS improvements:
Die size: 2X every 3 yrs
Line width: halve / 7 yrs
Alpha 21264: 15 million
Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Moores Law
ISSCC 2000: 25M+ transistor processors (Intel)
JR.S00 13
Memory Capacity
(Single Chip DRAM)
size
Year
B
i
t
s
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year size(Mb) cyc time
1980 0.0625 250 ns
1983 0.25 220 ns
1986 1 190 ns
1989 4 165 ns
1992 16 145 ns
1996 64 120 ns
2000 256 100 ns
JR.S00 14
Technology Trends
(Summary)
Capacity Speed (latency)
Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 years
DRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 years
Disk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 years
JR.S00 15
386
486
Pentium(R)
Pentium Pro
(R)
Pentium(R)
II
MPC750
604+ 604
601, 603
21264S
21264
21164A
21164
21064A
21066
10
100
1,000
10,000
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
5
M
h
z
1
10
100
G
a
t
e
D
e
l
a
y
s
/
C
l
o
c
k
Intel
IBM Power PC
DEC
Gate delays/clock
Processor freq
scales by 2X per
generation
Processor
frequency trend
Of todays microprocessors
95% go into embedded applications
SSH3/4 (Hitachi): best selling RISC microprocessor
50% of microprocessor revenue stems from embedded
systems
Components of Cost
Area of die / yield
Code density (memory is
the major part of die size)
Packaging
Design effort
Programming cost
Time-to-market
Reusability
JR.S00 24
The Secret of Architecture
Design: Measurement and
Evaluation
Design
Analysis
Architecture Design is an iterative process:
Queuing Theory
Rules of Thumb
Fundamental Laws/Principles
JR.S00 29
Review:
Performance, Cost,
Power
JR.S00 30
Metric 1: Performance
Real programs
Kernels
Toy benchmarks
Synthetic benchmarks
e.g. Whetstones and Dhrystones
JR.S00 40
SPEC: System Performance
Evaluation Cooperative
'
,
_
+
Die_area sity Defect_Den
1 d Wafer_yiel Yield Die
yield test Final
cost Packaging cost Testing cost Die
cost IC
+ +
JR.S00 46
Real World Examples
Chip Metal Line Wafer Defect Area Dies/ Yield Die Cost
layers width cost /cm
2
mm
2
wafer
386DX 2 0.90 $900 1.0 43 360 71% $4
486DX2 3 0.80 $1200 1.0 81 181 54% $12
PowerPC 601 4 0.80 $1700 1.3 121 115 28% $53
HP PA 7100 3 0.80 $1300 1.0 196 66 27% $73
DEC Alpha 3 0.70 $1500 1.2 234 53 19% $149
SuperSPARC 3 0.70 $1700 1.6 256 48 13% $272
Pentium 3 0.80 $1500 1.5 296 40 9% $417
From "Estimating IC Manufacturing Costs, by Linley Gwennap,
Microprocessor Report, August 2, 1993, p. 15
JR.S00 47
Cost/Performance
What is Relationship of Cost to Price?
Recurring Costs
Component Costs
Direct Costs (add 25% to 40%) recurring costs: labor, purchasing, scrap,
warranty
Amdahls Law:
CPI Law: