Volume Flow Measurements

Obstruction Meters
Orifice Meters



Venturi Meters


Flow Nozzles

Flow through a Nozzle
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1
v A v A
ible incompress
v A v A
Av m
m m
=
=
=
=
=

1
1
1
1
v
A
m

2
2
2
2
v
A
m

Basic Equations:
a.) Continuity:
mass in = mass out
b.) Bernoullis Eqn.
Total pressure is
constant throughout

pressure dynamic v
2
1
pressure total P
pressure static P
P P v
2
1
P v
2
1
P v
2
1
. const essure Pr Total P
Bernoulli
2
0
0 2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
2
0
=
=
=
= + = +
+ =
= =
Flow through a Nozzle

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
P 2
A
A
1
1
YCA Q
Flow al Re For
Ideal
P 2
A
A
1
1
A v A Q
Rate Flow
P 2
A
A
1
1
v
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
2
Flow through a Nozzle
AP 2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2 2 2 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = A
when
A
A
v
v
A
A
v
v v P P P
Flow through a Nozzle
Y = Compressibility Factor
=1 for incompressible flow
or when AP<< P
abs
C= Discharge Coefficient
=f(Re) and
nature of specific flow meter

AP
Flow through a Nozzle
P
Flow through a Venturi Meter
In a venturi, 0.95 < C < 0.98
Advantage:
Pressure recovery
Uses little power
Flow through a Venturi Meter
C
R
e
2 x 10
5

=
1 1
v d
e
R
0.98
Based upon the conditions in the pipe
approaching the meter
Back to the Nozzle
P
1
P
2
P
P
1
P
2
Shorter and cheaper than venturi
But larger pressure drop.
Thus, more power lost in operating.
The Nozzle Flowmeter
C
0.86
0.98
10
3
10
5
R
e
Flow Through an Orifice Meter
Flow Through an Orifice Meter
P
1
P
2
P
P1
d
D
Flow Through an Orifice Meter
-Cheapest and Simplest
-But biggest pressure drop and power lost (C~0.6 - 0.7)
-Side Note:
Pressure drop caused by friction and turbulence of shear
layer downstream of vena contracta
CM
A
A
C =
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
1
1
0.6
0.85
|=d/D
0.1 0.8
R
e
100k
5000
10k
Elbow Flowmeter
Laminar
Flowmeter
Pitot-Static Tubes
Rotameter, variable-area-flowmeter
Force balance
Drag Force
Gravity
Buoyancy
(usually negligible)
cal
use
cal use
m m

=
Derived on next
slide
D
MgA
D
Mg
A m
D
Mg
V
Mg
V
D F
V A m
2
2
2 2
2
2

= =
=
= =
=

For a fixed x-position, A is fixed. Then

cal
use
cal use
cal use
m m
m m

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
Rotameter
Equations
Turbine Flow Meters
Vortex meters operate on the principle that when a non-streamlined
object is placed in the middle of a flow stream, vortices are shed
alternately downstream of the object. The frequency of the vortex
shedding is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid
flowing in the pipeline.
Magnetic flowmeter
Based upon Faradays Law
The fluid is the conductor, must be electrically conductive.
E=BDVx10
-8
E=voltage, volts
B=magnetic flux density, gauss
D= length of the conductor, cm
V=velocity of the conductor, cm/sec
Magnetic flowmeter
Magnetic Flow
Meter
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Vibrating Flow Tube
Fluid Force is Reacting to Vibration
of Flow Tube
End View of Flow Tube
Showing Twist
Twist Angle
Twist Angle
Flow
Force
Flow Force
Flow
Flow
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Positive
Displacement
Meters