Diesel Engine 4 Stroke Cycle model

Direct Injection

Load Diesel 4S cycle.ppt as well and then run this presentation in Slide Show mode to see the Animated sequence at the end

4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Geoff. Bootle. GTC UK 2009

Direct Injection

This is a simplified model of a single cylinder Diesel engine to show the principal parts, their relationships to each other and how the engine works.
Is not based on any real engine, but is generally representative of real engines. Most real engines are made up of several of this unit sharing a single flywheel and cam shaft drive e.g. Three, four and six cylinder engines. Many minor details and some components are left out for clarity, for example the bearings, exhaust pipe silencer, air intake filter and the fuel injection pump.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ENGINE

Inside the solid body of the Engine are a number of fast moving parts
Cam-shafts

Moving parts

Crank-shaft

Bolts and fixings omitted for clarity

Cam Shaft Drive. The cam-shaft drive arrangement is simply represented by a box. In reality there would be a chain drive or a gear train between the crank-shaft and the cam-shafts.

The Names of the Main Moving parts

Piston
Cam-Shafts Valve Spring Piston Ring Valves

Gudgeon Pin

Connecting Rod Crank-Shaft

Bolts and fixings omitted for clarity

FlyWheel

Some stationary parts

Cylinder Head Cover
Fuel Injector Cylinder Head

Timing Case

Sump
Bolts and fixings are omitted for clarity (holds lubricating oil)

Engine block

Cylinder Head, Cylinder and Piston

Piston, a cylindrical part made to be a close, but free running, fit in the Cylinder of the Block. The Cylinder Head sits on the top of the Block to close off the top of the Cylinder. It also carries the Valves, Fuel Injector and the Inlet and Exhaust passages

The Piston Rings fit in grooves on the Piston. They seal the Piston to be gas tight in the Cylinder of the Block
Cylinder, a large round hole bored straight and parallel through the Block

Block, a large strong lump of metal that is the main structural member of the engine

Bolts and fixings are omitted for clarity

PISTON, CRANK SHAFT & FLY-WHEEL

The Connecting Rod is inserted into a large recess in the bottom of the Piston

Piston Gudgeon pin

The Piston is attached to swivel on the little end of the Connecting Rod by the Gudgeon Pin through the side of the Piston.

The Big end of Connecting Rod fits onto the throw of the Crank Shaft. (this end is usually split in half and bolted

Little End Connecting Rod

together for assembly purposes)

The Connecting Rod connects the linear up and down motion of the Piston within the Cylinder with the circular rotary motion of the Crank Shaft. The Fly-Wheel is attached to the end of the CrankShaft and serves to store the pulses of energy from the Power Strokes, delivering energy to the other 3 strokes, and power to whatever the engine is driving.

Big End

Throw

FlyWheel Crank Shaft

VALVES
One set of a Cam and a Valve controls the Inlet flow of fresh air into the Cylinder. The other set controls the burnt Exhaust Gases out of the Cylinder. Both these Valves are spring loaded to shut and seal the Cylinder during the Compression and Power strokes. They open into the Cylinder, so that they are held closed by the high pressures during the Compression and Power strokes. Bump, or lobe, on the Cam pushes the Valve open during part of the rotation of the Cam

Exhaust Cam & Valve Spring

Inlet Cam & Valve

Inlet Passage

Exhaust Passage

INJECTOR

The Fuel Injector is connected to a high pressure pump that is not illustrated. It sprays a small amount of diesel fuel into the Cylinder at the end of the Compression Stroke and beginning of the Power Stroke. The fuel is sprayed through several very small holes at very high pressure in order to form a fine mist of droplets of fuel that will ignite easily and burn quickly in the hot air.

Nozzle tip with several small holes for fuel spray

The 4 Stroke COMBUSTION CYCLE

The Diesel Engine 4 Stroke cycle consists of four distinct stages carried out whilst the engine Crank Shaft does two complete turns (or as we say, two revolutions). The Cams rotate once every two turns of the Crank Shaft, i.e. once per complete 4 stroke cycle. A stroke is a movement of the Piston from one end of the Cylinder to the other end. 1st Stroke - INDUCTION. Fresh air is drawn into the Cylinder through the open Inlet Valve by the Piston descending. The Inlet Valve closes when the Piston reaches bottom of Cylinder, trapping the fresh air in the Cylinder. 2nd Stroke - COMPRESSION. The Air is squeezed as the Piston rises, reaching about 40 bar pressure. The air gets very hot (about 700 C) because of the work done to it by the Piston. Diesel fuel is started to be Injected into the Cylinder as the Piston gets near to the top.

3rd Stroke - POWER. Fuel is injected into the Cylinder for a short while as the Piston is near the top. The fuel spray ignites and burns in the hot air, creating even higher pressures and temperatures in the cylinder. The pressure of the hot gases push the Piston down, delivering power to the crank-shaft and fly wheel.
4th Stroke - EXHAUST. The Exhaust Valve opens and the rising Piston pushes the burnt gases out of the Cylinder. When the Piston gets near the top the Exhaust Valve closes and the Inlet Valve opens, ready to draw fresh air in again.

ANIMATION
Click here to run the animated Diesel engine combustion sequence.

(this link will only work if you run the presentation in Slide Show mode with Diesel 4S cycle.ppt in the same directory as this file)

End of Show