Professional Documents
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Human Machine Interaction
Human Machine Interaction
Human-Machine Interaction
/ Interazione Uomo-Machina/ ?
18 November 1999
On the rights of the web white paper (Intell.Prop.) - ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999.
MICA Project
Human-Machine Interaction from the Systemic and Cognitive Perspective
Contribution to the MICA 2.8.3.3 Task D: Realization of an Integrated Modeling Environment for the Hardware/Software/Human Components of Plant Control Room Systems : Study on a Meta-Modeling Frameworks. http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
Presentation outline
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Preface
This my activity have been focused on a preliminary study of the human mental errors of industrial operators involved in the control and supervisory of high-risk complex technological systems. It deals with the identification of human mental errors and possibilities of their mitigation through an application of intelligent computer decision support systems.
Methodology
Heuristic application of the TOGA (Top-down Object-based Goaloriented Approach) methodology to the problem identification. Application of the IPK conceptual framework to the cognitive operator modelling [http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/].
Conclusions
Results
An indication and the preliminary analysis of mental functins and tasks which could be supported or executed by IDSSs (Intelligent Computer Decision Support Systems). Dec.97, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/Mika-saf.html
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Problem Recognition
Human-Machine Interaction is a continuously growing domain of interest of researchers and practictioners. It is a consequence of ever more and more complex technologies and systems controlled and managed by humans.
The problem is dedected from the perspectives of : - efficacy and quality of the production
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Problem Recognition
The research in the field of Human-Machine Interaction (AltaVista: 50 017doc. ) is also distributed among such domains as: Man-Machine Interface - AltaVista: 1906 doc.
Human-Computer Interface - AltaVista: 2868 doc. Lycos: 8201doc. Stanford: 524 MIT: 897 Human-Computer Communication -AV. 734
Human-Computer Cooperation
Cognitive Technology Cognitive Engineering
- AV. 39
- AV. 985 - AV. 3015
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Problem Recognition
Classical engineering paradign:
To addopt humans to machine failured in the case of high-risk systems and complex tasks. classical example of the consequences of a badly designed user interface [Excerpt from the official report to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident] New systemic perspective: a joint human machine system is performing the task [E.Hollnagel at al, 94],
http://www.erlbaum.com/260.htm
...is a
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Problem Recognition
Poorly designed user interface causes economical loss: - rejection , - rare using. Badly designed user interface causes catastrofic human errors trough: -> confusion, misleading presentation of information, -> misinterpretation, -> cause of dangerous actions. More difficult is to specify what should be implemented than how to do it. We need appropriate goal-oriented models Goal: make communication smoothest possible to interfere least possible with thought process. [W.Joerg, Alberta Univ.95]
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Problem Recognition
"The goal is to create software that works --really works --- in being appropriate and effective for people who live in the world that the software creates.
[Terry Winograd, HCI,96, http://pcd.stanford.edu/] and yet:
http://hci.stanford.edu/~winograd/bds/introduction.html
Problem Recognition State of the Art Problem Identification Possible Solutions Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction should be modeled from the human and systemic perspective but not invented by software specialists.
[KMC, E.Swanstrom,1997]
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Conclusions
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Systemic Perspective
on Reliability and Safety of
Human-Machine Interactions (HMI)
HMI can be seen as a process.
Reliability and Safety can be seen as a two complex properties of HMI and characterized by integrated generalized indicators:
Reliability Indicator - R
Safety Indicator
- Sf
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Systemic Perspective Cognitivistic Perspective
Problem Identification
Modeling
Technological Perspective
Systemic Perspective
Cognitivistic Perspective
Design
Soft-Tools develop.
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Top-down identification
H
Systemic Perspective
Systemic Perspective Cognitivistic Perspective Technological Perspective
HO
CSS
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions Elementary heterogenious unit in the modern systemic approach [Gad.99]
H - Human, HO - Human Organization CSS - Computer Support Systems (Web) AD - Domain of Activity
AD
ENV - Environment
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
MICA Project
Search expressions (models) of the type: indicators (attributes) Search attributes which min or max of indicators
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions Modification/design of Processes and Systems according to selected attributes Software engineer
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Systemic Perspective
Key Factor:
Application Domains:
# ADMINISTRATION
# CULTURE # INDUSTRY # HEALTH
# MILITARY
# INSTRUCTION & SCIENCE
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Systemic Perspective
Causes of Human Errors
Physical environment
Organization
Machine
(controlled system/proc esses)
MIND
Computer Console
Human
operator
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the human mind. Kalish, http://iris.cogsci.uwa.edu.au/cogsci.html P.N.Johnson-Lard-Mental Models,83. M.Olivetti-Belardinelli Mental Architectures,98, A.Slomans - Emotional Agents.
Professor Norman, the first chair of the UCSD Department of Cognitive Science, originated the Cognitive Engineering course. Distributed Cognition and Human Computer Interaction Laboratory. Univ. of California.,May 99.
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
http://hci.ucsd.edu/132/nsyllabus.html
See also: MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
- Rasmunssen, Andeson - Riso National Lab. - Hollnagel - Halden Project (from about 18 years)
-Gadomski (since 86), Nanni (87), Balducelli (93), DiCostanzo - ENEA .
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Human-Machine Interaction
The web is constructed for the communication between humans not computers
MICA Project
Cognitivistic Perspective
Risk Human Errors Human Models
Reasoning
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions
Decision-Making Communication
Cognitive Modeling
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Possible Solutions
Existing Strategies for improving of HMI - Command-driven - improving what is requested - Event-driven - post-accident improvement - Means-driven - improv. based on available know-how - Goal-driven (Model-driven) - research based eng. improv.
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
?. . .
Machine + Computer processes
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Possible Solutions
Mental processes
?. . .
Machine + Computer processes Computer substitutes or supports goal-dependent tasks of human user/operator.
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Critical points (recognizable events) which need to be identified by the cognitive modeling.
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Possible Solutions
Solution: In order to increase human reliability and safety in high-risk complex human-machine systems, we need to shift mental functions from human to computer, to construct computer
Is it my
idea
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Possible Solutions: an Abstract Intelligent Agent, AIA Two roles of AIA: 1. user model -- cognitive intelligent agent 2. kernel of a computer intelligent assisstant. Intelligent - an agent with capability to the modification of own preferences, capability of learning and meta-reasoning.[TOGA,Gadomski].
Problem Recognition Problem Identification Possible solutions Conclusions ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Results
preferences and information acquisition in HumanMachine Interactions [Gadomski at al.,99]; has been applied to the IDA-MICA Project.
Human-Machine Interaction
MICA Project
Conclusions
The work has been supported by the Scientific Cooperaton (ortogonal no profits activity) with The Interuniversity Center for the Research on Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems ( ECONA). Gadomski, Pestilli :INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM: TOGA COGNITIVE
AGENT, in frame of The ECONAs Meeting on Research Activities on Cognitive Modeling, May ,99 [Web]. A.M.Gadomski,S. Ceccacci:Seminar Contesto TOGA per la Progettazione di un Agente
Intelligente Astratto ed il suo Decision-Making , Perugia,99 [Web](Bora per Tesi di L.)
A.M.Gadomski: TOWARDS SYSTEM ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGIES, SET, transparent-sheet, ENEA, 99[Web].
The obtained resualts are also the base for the proposal of a research project for the FET * Open (5th Program EU) with Univ. of Brussel,Poland, Ansaldo, ECONA (under preparation).
*FET - Future and Emerging Technologies
ENEA, A.M.Gadomski, 1999. E-mail: gadomski_a@casaccia.enea.it