Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Work, Life and Leisure Cities in The Contemporary World
Work, Life and Leisure Cities in The Contemporary World
Main Topics
I. General Aspects about the Cities
Social Condition of Calcutta city based on the novel written by Durgacharan Ray Historical period- Development of the cities Characteristics of the Cities Metropolis
II. London City in 18th century Earliest Industrial cities in England Formation of City Population structure of London city Gareth Stedman Joness opinion about London Five different types of Industries Marginal groups Accommodation facility Cleaning of London City Transportation in London City Social Life in the London City Political Life in the London City
III. Bombay City Formation of Bombay City Bombay- the prime city Work in the Bombay city Accommodation facility in Bombay City Expansion of Bombay City IV. Cities and the Challenges of the Environment
Social condition of Calcutta city in 19th century based on Durgacharan Ray Novel Debganer Martye Aagaman
In 1880, he wrote a novel Debganer Martye Aagaman (The God visit Earth) Through his novel he had tried to depict the social condition of the Calcutta city in 19th century. During that time Calcutta was the center of Education, Job opportunities, trade and commerce.
Positive Aspects
Negative Aspects
Cheats and Thieves Grinding Poverty Poor quality housing Discriminations based on Caste, Gender and Religion
Train and Ships Factories and Bridges Monuments Shops with wide range of commodities Centre of trade and commerce Centre of Job opportunities and Education
2.
3. 4. 5.
Clothing and Footwear Wood and Furniture Metals and Engineering Printing and Stationary Precision products like surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals (During the First World War London had produced motor cars and electrical goods)
Criminals:
As London grew, crimes flourished. In 1870- 20,000 criminals were lived in London The police were worried about the Law and order Philanthropist were worried about public morality Industrialist wanted a hard working and orderly labour force So population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched and ways of life were investigated. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crimes and offered work to those who were considered
2. Woman: As a result of the technological development the women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within household. Large number of women used their homes to increase their family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing and matchbox making
3. Child Labour Large number of children were pushed into low paid work often by their parents. Andrew Mearns, a clergyman wrote The Bitter Cry Outcast London in 1880 showed why crime was more profitable than low wages work. The Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and Factory Act in 1902, that children were kept out of industrial work
What was the reason the Industrialist started to provide the accommodation for the Migrants
Initially the Factory or Workshop owners did not provided the house to the migrants. The individual land owners put up cheap, unsafe tenements were provided for the new arrivals. In 1887, Charles Booth conducted the first social survey and he pointed out that needed 400,000 rooms for to
After a period of time the industrialists starts to provide the accommodation because of certain reasons 1. One room houses seen as serious threat to public health because it was overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation) 2. Worried about fire hazards 3. Fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian revolution in 1917.
Which are the major steps had initiated for the Cleaning of London city
Created decongest localities, open green spaces, reduced pollution and sustained the landscape of the city. Large blocks Apartments were made. Green Belt around the London City. Ebenezer Howard an architect and planner developed the principle of Garden City A pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work
He believed that it would help for to produce the better quality citizens Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick with common garden space, beautiful views. Between the two world war period millions of houses were constructed in London, most of them were single family cottage
The first section of the Underground in the World opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington to Farrington. At first the people were afraid to travel under ground railway because of the fear of suffocation. The under ground railway caused the massive displacement of the poor people. Charles Dickens wrote in his novel Dombey and Son about the massive displacements. For the construction of two miles, 900 houses were destroyed Gradually, the underground railway became huge success and most of the metropolis like New York, Tokyo and Chicago
Temperance Movement
A largely middle class led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the 19th century onwards. It identified the alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly among the working class.