Nararia Askarningsih 1106154343

Application of biological, mechanical and engineering principles to the repair, restoration, or regeneration of living tissues using biomaterials, cells and growth factors. Main approach : Replacement or repair of damaged or failed tissues by creation of environment which promotes the native capacity of cells to integrate.

Developed because transplantation of tissues and organs possess limitation (infection, limited availability, immunoincompability, disease transmission, etc) Scaffolds : provide structural support to growing cells and 3D environment to guide the formation of new tissue.

Hydrogels : Provide a moist wound covering conducive to healing and protect the wound from infection Frequently used for soft tissue regeneration Acted as a scaffold for tissue regeneration and protective barrier Lack of mechanical properties.

Degradable or nondegradable polymers which is used for biomaterials applications

Biodegradable polymers : those which degrade in vitro and in vivo either into products that are normal metabolites of the body.

Playing important role in cell adhesion to that surface and influencing a cellss ability attach and spread. Affects the metabolic activity

Its degradation products should be NONTOXIC Rate of degradation and mechanical properties of material should match the intended application.

Skin Regeneration
Cartilage Regeneration

Bone Regeneration

Developed to undergo the skin trauma caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, and UV

Proper water evaporation Size requirements (20-125 m) Protective barrier Prevent dehydration and infection Maintain communication between epidermis and dermis Materials must account for the vascular needs of both new and old tissues. Adequate wetting and draping

For epithelial skin replacement : Polyurethan sheet support cell growth

Dermal replacement : Silastic sheet and poly lactide-co- glycolide, PLGA (synthetic polymer) temporary barriers, mechanical stability, template for tissue regeneration

Full-thickness replacement : soft polyethylene glycol-terephtalate and hard polybutylene terephtalate copolymer

10 % Glycolic Polymer

Body Scrub contains particle polyethylene

Connecting soft elastic tissue in various parts of the body The primary function for cartilage is to distribute stress in load-bearing site and reduce friction during joint motion Developed because cartilage defects cannot heal themselves due to lack of blood supply in the tissue and the absence of undifferentiated cells for repair

Current research has focused on hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage exists as the predominant form of cartilage in the body and coats the surfaces of articulating joints.

Degradable materials is favorable because it can form a temporary scaffold for mechanical and biochemical support Sufficient mechanical properties for joint loading Incorporating biochemical environment and porosities Accommodating cellular infiltration Allowing desired degradation rates Providing suitable mechanisms for surgical handling

Nondegradable : poly vinyl alcohol poly hydroxyethyl methacrulate poly Nisopropylacrylamide and polyethilene oxide (injectable hydrogel)

Degradable : Polyglycolic acid polylactic acid Alginate (not native to human body) Collagen (connective tissue in human body) Chitosan (low cost, biocompatible)

Chitosan Nanofibers

Bone is very dense, specialized form of connective tissue. Bone matrix consists of collagen and hydoxyapatite This regeneration involves the synthesis of hydroxyapatite and recreation of structure, also mechanical stability

Biocompatible Moldable, shapeable, in situ to ensure a good fit in the defect area Support cellular adhesion and growth Maintain cellular differentiation Provide porous matrix so nutrients and wastes can easily diffuse Degrade into biocompatible products Have compressive strength of 5MPa and modulus of 50 Mpa Have a good surface chemistry to influence behavior of cells

Natural Polymer : Collagen, Hyaluronic cid and Chitosan

Polyethylene glicol poly lactide

biodegradable co-polymers composed of L-lactic, D-lactic, glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate (as barrier membranes for bone regeneration)

Lakshmi S. Nair, Cato T. Laurencin.2005. Polymers as Biomaterials

for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery. Advance Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology

B.L Seal, T.C Otero, A. Panitch.2001.Polymeric biomaterials for

tissue and organ regeneration. Material Science and Engineering Joseph Jagur-Grodzinski.2006.Polymers for tissue engineering,

medical devices, and regenerative medicine. Concise general review

of recent studies. Polymer for Advanced Technologies:Wiley InterScience