Increasing Cellular Capacity Using Cooperative Networks

WIRELESS INTERNET CENTER FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY NSF INDUSTRY/UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTER
Increasing cellular capacity using cooperative networks

Shivendra S. Panwar Joint work with Elza Erkip, Pei Liu, Sundeep Rangan, Yao Wang Polytechnic Institute of NYU
Outline Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Randomized Space Time Coding Randomized Spatial Multiplexing Cooperative Handover Cooperative Interference Coordination
Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network

Combating Macrocell Backhaul Bandwidth Shortage Implementation Efforts Conclusions


Cellular Networks are becoming heterogeneous
Macrocell based network architecture is

expensive and cannot keep up with user demand (Ciscos 66X traffic increase prediction) Heterogeneous networks enable flexible and low-cost deployments and provide a uniform broadband experience
The network becomes a mix of macro, pico, femto base stations and operator deployed relay stations The dense deployment greatly improves network capacity, and provides richer user experience and in-building coverage Reduces operating cost, such as backbone cost, site acquisition cost, and utility cost for operators
4
Emerging trends and our research

The future network architecture is heterogeneous, with macro-,
pico- and femto-cells, along with WiFi and (some) ad hoc nodes
A large part of the 66x increase predicted by Cisco will be

drained by increased deployment of WiFi, femto/picocells for stationary or slow moving users
Femtocells, in particular, are the carriers Trojan Horses! Macrocell bandwidth is precious and should be used only when
there is no alternative (like satellite networks are today)
Cooperative networking can be used in such emerging

environments by using user end devices, femtocells, WiFi access points, picocells, and macrocell infrastructure as the devices that constitute the cooperating nodes
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Cooperation and Heterogeneity Cooperation performs much better if the number of

relays is large
In a macrocell based deployment, the number of operator deployed relay stations will be limited In traditional networks, the performance gain for cooperation is limited unless user (MS) cooperation is enabled But user cooperation gives rise to the following problems: battery consumption, synchronization, security and incentive
The proliferation of pico/femto base stations will

provide enough relays (femtorelays)

They do not have the battery consumption problem They are easier to synchronize: stationary, backbone connection and better radio design They are more secure because they are part of the operators network
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Motivation for Cooperation

Wireless channel by nature is a broadcast one.

The broadcast channel can be fully exploited for broadcast traffic. But it is considered more as a foe than a friend, when it comes to unicast.
Cooperative communications allow the overheard information

be treated as useful signal, instead of interference.
Relays process this overheard information and forward to destination. Network performance improved because edge nodes transmit at higher rate thus improving spectral efficiency. Candidate relays? Mobile user, macro/pico-cell BS, fixed relays, femtocell BS, etc. What are the incentives? Throughput, power, interference.
A cross-layer design encompassing physical, MAC, network and

application layers is required to address this problem.
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Relaying in commercial systems Cooperative / multihop communications have been

adopted in the next generation wireless systems.
IEEE 802.11s Enables multihop and relays at MAC layer, does not provide for joint PHY-layer combining. IEEE 802.16j Expands previous single-hop 802.16 standards to include multihop capability. Integrated into IEEE 802.16m draft. 3GPP LTE Cooperative multipoint is supported with joint transmissions and receptions to enable cost-effective throughput enhancement and coverage extension.


Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Limitations of previous cooperative methods:

Single relay: low spatial diversity gain Multiple relays: consume more bandwidth resource when several relays sequentially forward signal Distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) How does DSTC work?
Recruit multiple relays to form a virtual MIMO Each relay emulates an indexed antenna Each relay transmits encoded signal corresponding to its antenna index
Any alternative?

Pros: Spatial diversity gains Cons:

Tight synchronization required Relays need to be indexed, leading to considerable signaling cost Global channel state information needed Good DSTC might not exist for an arbitrary number of relays Unselected relays cannot forward, sacrificing diversity gain
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Robust Cooperative MIMO

Randomized cooperation strategies provide powerful PHY layer
coding techniques that
alleviate the previous problems and allow robust and realistic cooperative transmission with multiple relays. randomize distributed space-time coding (R-DSTC) for diversity. randomized distributed spatial multiplexing (R-DSM) for spatial multiplexing. Relays are not chosen a-priori to mimic particular antennas Multiple relays can be recruited on-the-fly Relays are used opportunistically according to instantaneous fading levels Signaling overheads and channel feedback greatly reduced Performance comparable to centralized MIMO is attained
Highlights of randomized cooperation:

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R-DSTC: A New Solution

Randomized Distributed Space-Time Coding (R-DSTC) How does R-DSTC work in PHY?

Two-hop network: source station, relays, destination station. Relays re-encode the first-hop signals and forward over the second hop Unlike DSTC, R-DSTC relay does NOT transmit the signal from a specific indexed antenna Instead, each relay transmits a weighted linear combination of all streams of an underlying STC codeword of size L x K. As long as the number of relays N>L-1, a diversity order of L is achieved.
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R-DSTC Advantages
Performance Comparison
DSTC
Only selected relays forward. Low diversity gain. Global and latest channel information REQUIRED for rate selection. STC codeword allocation REQUIRED.
R-DSTC
All relays that overhear first hop signal can relay. High diversity gain. Detailed channel information NOT REQUIRED; outdated estimates can be used. STC codeword allocation NOT REQUIRED; transmissions can simply be randomized. Tight synchronization among relays NOT REQUIRED. Average received power from all relays balanced. Full diversity order of L is reached when N>L .
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Tight synchronization among relays REQUIRED. Received power unbalanced. Performance degrades whenever any selected relay fails to relay.
R-DSTC Performance (WiFi)

Underlying orthogonal STBC codeword size: 2, 3, 4. PHY layer rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM; Convolutional code 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 20 MHz bandwidth Contention window: 15 -1023 Transmit power: 100mW
1 .1 11 .1 Delay (seconds) 11 .1 11 .1 11 .1 1 1 Single-hop Tw o-hop Single-helper (CoopM AC) Tw o-hop R-DSTC Channel Statistics Tw o-hop R-DSTC U Count ser
1 1 1 1 Throughput (Mbps) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S gle-h in op Tw op S gle-h o-h in elper (C oopM C A) Tw op R S C a n S tistics o-h -D TC h n el ta Tw op R S U C n o-h -D TC ser ou t 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 N m of Su u ber bscriber S tion ta s 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 Number of Subscriber Stations
1 1
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CoopMAX: A Cooperative Relaying Protocol in Mobile WiMAX Network
CoopMAX enables robust cooperation in a mobile environment

with low signaling overheads. It is robust to mobility and imperfect knowledge of channel state. Simulation shows 1.8x throughput gain for a single cell with mobility, and 2x throughput gain for multicell deployment.
Single cell deployment

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Multicell deployment
R-DSM for spatial multiplexing

Mismatch in the number of antennas on BS and MS
Assuming each mobile station has only one antenna and the base station has L antennas
Randomized Distributed Spatial Multiplexing (R-DSM) is based

BLAST scheme The channel capacity between the relays and the destinations scales linearly with min(N,L), where N is the number of relays How does R-DSM work in PHY?
Two-hop network: SISO transmission from source to relays first, followed by relays transmitting together to the destination using R-DSM. Each relay independently generates a random coefficient and then transmits a weighted sum of the signals for each antenna in BLAST scheme
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Performance
Our results demonstrate that R-DSM scheme delivers MIMO
system performance
Average data rate for the second hop (relays-destination link) scales with the number of relays For direct transmissions, the peak data rate is supported at a short range R-DSM can increase the number of stations that can transmit near the peak data rate
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Cooperative Video Multicast
Performance of conventional video multicast

schemes in an access network is limited
Source transmits at
the lowest transmission rate Receivers with good channel quality unnecessarily suffer
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Cooperative Video Multicast with R-DSTC
Source station transmits

a packet Nodes who receive the packets become relays which re-encode the first-hop signals and forward over the second hop Each relay transmits a weighted linear combination of all streams of an underlying STC with a dimension of
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Results: Single Layer Schemes
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Outline
Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design


21
Cooperative MIMO for Heterogeneous Networks For high mobility MSs or MSs that are covered by any femtocell,
cooperative MIMO

enables fully opportunistic use of all available surrounding radios. increases network capacity and helps to reduce coverage holes.
22
Cooperative handoff for Pico/Femtocells
Handoffs happen much more frequently

for MSs in a heterogeneous network

Smaller BS coverage area Loosely planned or unplanned deployment Higher signaling overheads and more dropped calls Separate signaling and data paths
Macrocell BS orchestrates handoff and allocates radio resources for data transmissions User data goes through surrounding pico/femtocell BSs either through their backhaul or by cooperative relaying
Cooperative handoffs in Heterogeneous Networks
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Cooperative Handoff for delay tolerant applications

Macrocell BS tracks the locations of the MS and makes handoff
predictions based on which pico/femtocell BSs the MS is moving to. In the downlink Macrocell BS pre-fetches user data packets to a cluster of pico/femtocell BSs via their backhauls Macrocell BS allocates frequency/time slots for the downlink data transmission Pico/femtocell BSs cooperatively transmit to the MS using R-DSTC In the uplink Macrocell BS broadcasts the allocated frequency/time slots for the MSs A pico/femtocell BS that successfully decodes an uplink user packet forwards it to the Macrocell BS via its backhaul
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Cooperative Interference Coordination
Pico/femtocell BS deployments are unplanned with vastly

different power levels compared to macrocell BS deployments
The interference patterns are significantly different
Rate (bps/Hz)
Current cellular systems treat interference as noise, which is not effective for high interference levels Dynamic orthogonalization or Han-Kobayashi is needed
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Reuse 1 Orthog HK 88
Han-Kobayashi
Orthogonalization
Treat interference as noise

88 1 Crossover gain (dB) 1 1 1 1
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Changing Interference Conditions

Macro cell - planned
Loss from randomness (~2dB) Very bad links (restricted assoc) Very good links (SNR>10 dB)
Macro - unplanned
Short-range model
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Belief Propagation Solution
Iterative message passing algorithm

Widely used in coding, non-Gaussian estimation, machine learning Pass beliefs along edges of graphs representing estimates of the marginal distribution Natural distributed implementation for wireless. Similar methods used in many approximate BP algorithms for CDMA multiuser detection & non-Gaussian estimation:
Caire, Boutros (02), Guo-Wang (06), Tanaka-Okada (05), NeirrotiSaad (05), Kabashima (05), Donoho, Maleki, Montanari (09), Bayati-Montanari (10), Rangan (10)
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BP Multi-Round Protocol
Interference Desired link Interference
RX2
TX1 TX vector x1(0)
RX1 TX vector x2(0)
TX2
Round 0
Sensitivity D2(0)
Interference z1(0) and sensitivity D1(0) TX vector x2(1)
TX vector x1(1) Round 1 Sensitivity D2(1)
Interference z1(1) and sensitivity D1(1)
Data transmission
Data scheduled along TX vector x1

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Interference Coordination with Relays
Still an open problem
What are the optimal strategies for transmitters, relays and receivers to maximize spectrum efficiency?
What is the best strategy for relays Forwarding signal or forwarding interference? Preliminary information theoretical results show both signal relaying and/or interference forwarding could be optimal under certain regimes (Elza Erkip)
Missing Components:

Practical coding and signal processing schemes for cooperative interference coordination MAC design that handles the signaling between different entities participating in the cooperative interference coordination
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Outline


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The Second-Last Mile Problem Explosively growing traffic demand

More than 5 billion cell phones by 2010 Increasing number of data intensive applications 3G/4G standards are pushing up the macrocell data rates (~100 Mbps)
Poor cellular infrastructure

Most of the BS backhauls use four to six T1/E1 lines (~8 Mbps) Adding BSs or updating data lines is expensive (more than $10,000 per line and $50,000 per site annually)
Macrocell backhaul
has become the bottleneck!
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Solution: FemtoHaul System Architecture for FemtoHaul

FemtoHaul is a novel solution to the macrocell backhaul problem. In FemtoHaul, the femtocell backhaul is used to carry nonfemto user traffic by forwarding through a relay.
Detailed Design

Channel allocation mechanism based on OFDMA WiMAX; Policy for base stations to schedule user transmissions.
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FemtoHaul Performance Evaluation Backhaul Supply Average Download Rate

Rate Comparison in Stationary Scenario
Simulations demonstrate that our solution can significantly reduce the macrocell backhaul traffic while still guaranteeing a high rate to the subscribers
33
Outline


34
Cooperative Networking Testbeds
Goal: Build a large scale experimental,
deployable and scalable cooperative network (Erkip, Korakis, Panwar, Liu, Wang, Bertoni)
Funding from NSF (MRI, CRI), WICAT, NYU-Poly
We have taken two approaches

PHY layer: Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform MAC layer: Open Source Driver Platform on Linux
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Implementing Cooperative PHY
Cooperative protocols require changes in

the PHY layer

Commercial devices do not give access to PHY Use Wireless Access Research Platform (WARP), a SDR by Rice University We have a basic three node system operating, consisting of one source, one relay and one receiver Cooperative coding using convolutional codes and soft decision decoding implemented We also have basic R-DSTC implemented
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WARP System
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Implementing Cooperative MAC for IEEE 802.11
Use open source drivers and commercial

WiFi cards Advantages

Backward compatible with 802.11 Can be used in large testbeds such as ORBIT No access to PHY (but still gains from Cooperative MAC)
Disadvantages:
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Outline


41
Conclusions Cooperation is a perfect match for the emerging
heterogeneity in wireless communications Robust cooperative schemes (R-DSTC, R-DSM) require little overhead and well suited even for MSs with high mobility Heterogeneous networks provide many capable relays for cooperation

Cooperative handoff Cooperative interference coordination
FemtoHaul: Offload traffic from constrained macrocell

backhaul to abundant femtocell backhaul
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Thank You!
Our Cooperative Research website: http://coop.poly.edu
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44
Backup
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Synchronization Issues
Nodes cooperating without central control will encounter the
practical problem of synchronizing their access to the channel.

Distributed relays have no access to a global clock. Relays need to be synchronized both in time and frequency. Synchronization accuracy affects physical layer performance of cooperative MIMO system. 4G systems (LTE and WiMAX) synchronize the transmissions from UE both in time and frequency via close-loop control. In a wireless LAN, relays can be synchronized by letting relays lock to a common reference signal. For example, the source can continuously transmit a reference carrier.
How to achieve synchronization?

R-DSTC performs well under residual synchronization errors1.

1. M. Sharp, A. Scaglione and B. Sirkeci-Mergen, Randomized cooperation in asynchronous dispersive links, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 64-68, January 2009.
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Incentives for cooperation

Cooperative relaying improves network capacity and reduces
delay.
In a wireless LAN, throughput for each individual node can be improved. In a cellular network, the BS can provide incentive for relays by allocating more time/frequency resources to relays. Average Joule/Bit performance is improved. Energy consumption for nodes acting as relays (CoopMAC) is also reduced in wireless LANs2. By employing several relays, the energy consumption for each individual relay is just 1/L of the case of employing one relay. It is possible that a nodes battery drains faster because it acts as a relay for multiple sources, possibly as a result of its position. Not an issue for dedicated fixed relays, or femtocells acting as relays.
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Battery consumption

2. S. Narayanan and S. Panwar, To Forward or Not to Forward - That is the Question, Wireless Personal Communications, Special issue on cooperation in wireless networks, Vol.43, No.1, pp. 65-87, 2007

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WIRELESS INTERNET CENTER FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY NSF INDUSTRY/UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTER

Increasing cellular capacity using cooperative networks

Outline Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network

Combating Macrocell Backhaul Bandwidth Shortage Implementation Efforts Conclusions

Outline Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network

Combating Macrocell Backhaul Bandwidth Shortage Implementation Efforts Conclusions

Cellular Networks are becoming heterogeneous

Macrocell based network architecture is

Emerging trends and our research

A large part of the 66x increase predicted by Cisco will be

Cooperative networking can be used in such emerging

Cooperation and Heterogeneity Cooperation performs much better if the number of

The proliferation of pico/femto base stations will

Motivation for Cooperation

Cooperative communications allow the overheard information

A cross-layer design encompassing physical, MAC, network and

Relaying in commercial systems Cooperative / multihop communications have been

Outline Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network

Combating Macrocell Backhaul Bandwidth Shortage Implementation Efforts Conclusions

Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Pros: Spatial diversity gains Cons:

Robust Cooperative MIMO

Highlights of randomized cooperation:

R-DSTC: A New Solution

R-DSTC Performance (WiFi)

1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 Number of Subscriber Stations

CoopMAX: A Cooperative Relaying Protocol in Mobile WiMAX Network

CoopMAX enables robust cooperation in a mobile environment

Single cell deployment

R-DSM for spatial multiplexing

Randomized Distributed Spatial Multiplexing (R-DSM) is based

Cooperative Video Multicast

Performance of conventional video multicast

Cooperative Video Multicast with R-DSTC

Source station transmits

Results: Single Layer Schemes

Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network

Combating Macrocell Backhaul Bandwidth Shortage Implementation Efforts Conclusions

Cooperative handoff for Pico/Femtocells

Handoffs happen much more frequently

Cooperative handoffs in Heterogeneous Networks

Cooperative Handoff for delay tolerant applications

Cooperative Interference Coordination

Pico/femtocell BS deployments are unplanned with vastly

The interference patterns are significantly different

Treat interference as noise

Changing Interference Conditions

Belief Propagation Solution

Iterative message passing algorithm

TX1 TX vector x1(0)

RX1 TX vector x2(0)

Interference z1(0) and sensitivity D1(0) TX vector x2(1)

TX vector x1(1) Round 1 Sensitivity D2(1)

Interference z1(1) and sensitivity D1(1)

Data scheduled along TX vector x1

Interference Coordination with Relays

Still an open problem

Motivation for Cooperation Robust Cooperative MIMO Design

Cooperation in Heterogeneous Network