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Chemistry
Halogens
ALL Group VII elements are non-metals They ALL exist as diatomic molecules The melting point and boiling point of the halogens increase going down the group The Colours of halogens get darker going down the group
Halogens
Chemical Properties of Group VII Elements The Halogens get less reactive going down Group VII The Halogens get less powerful as oxidizing agents going down Group VII
A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from a halide solution of the less reactive halogen
It is easier to oxidize hydrogen halides going down Group VII
Electronegativity
4.0
3.0
2.8
2.5
H2(g)
Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
H2(g)
Br2(g) 2HBr(g)
H2(g)
I2(g) 2HI(g)
562K J
431K J
366K J
299K J
Bond Energy
In General :
E.g.
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Ionic Equation: Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq)+ NO3-(aq) AgCl(s) + Na+(aq)+ NO3(aq)
Halide ion
white
cream Pale yellow
Dissolves
Remains insoluble Remains insoluble
Dissolves
Dissolves Remains insoluble
Reaction of Halide ions with Concentrated Sulphuric Reaction of Sodium Chloride with Concentrated Sulphuric acid
NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)
Reaction of Sodium Bromide with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid NaBr(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HBr(g) followed by oxidation of HBr : 2HBr(g)+ H2SO4(l) Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Reaction of Sodium Iodide with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid NaI(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HI(g) dioxide, Followed by oxidation of HI: 2HI(g) + H2SO4 I2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) and: 6HI(g) + H2SO4(l) 3I2(g) + S(s) + 4H2O(l) and: 8HI(g) + H2SO4(l) 4I2(g) + H2S(g) + 4H2O(l) Observations:
Sulfur is seen as a yellow solid Hydrogen Sulfide has a strong smell of bad eggs Iodine is produced as a violet/purple color.
Chlorination of Water
Bleach
Iodine as an disinfectant
Chlorination of Water
Adding a small amount of Chlorine to a water supply will kill bacteria. The Chlorine undergoes disproportion in water: Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) HCl + HClO (aq)
Oxidation number: of Chlorine 0 -1 +1
Chloric (I) Acid, HClO decomposes slowly in the solution, producing reactive oxygen atoms that kill bacteria with water.
Bleach
Bleach is an equal mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium chlorate(I) (NaClO), made from chlorine and cold alkali (15C) Chlorine in Cold Alkali (15C): Cl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l) Sodium Chlorate(I) bleaches colors and stains because oxygen atoms from the chlorate(I) ions oxidize dye and other colored molecules. They also kill bacteria when toilets are cleaned with bleach.
Iodine as an disinfectant
The microbiocidal action of Iodine is due to the active form, I2, which is polarized by water and like all halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, etc.), acts as an extremely potent oxidizer. Activated iodine (I2) reacts in electrophilic reactions with enzymes of the respiratory chain as well as with amino acids located in cell membrane and cell wall proteins. The well-balanced tertiary structure necessary for maintaining the respiratory chain as well as cell integrity is destroyed and the microorganism is irreversibly damaged.