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Long-Run Costs: in The Long-Run There Are No Fixed Inputs, and Therefore No Fixed Costs. All Costs Are Variable
Long-Run Costs: in The Long-Run There Are No Fixed Inputs, and Therefore No Fixed Costs. All Costs Are Variable
In the long-run there are no fixed inputs, and therefore no fixed costs. All costs are variable. Another way to look at the long-run is that in the long-run a firm can choose any amount of fixed costs it wants for making short-run decisions.
Long-run costs slide 1
Long-run costs
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If each plant size is associated with a different amount of fixed costs, then each plant size for a firm will give us a different set of short-run cost curves. Choosing a different plant size (a long-run decision) then means moving from one shortrun cost curve to another.
Long-run costs
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Economists usually assume that plant size is infinitely divisible (variable). In the case of finely divisible plant size, the LRAC curve might look like this:
Each small U-shaped curve is a SAC curve.
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LRAC
Long-run costs
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slide 5
In the preceding graph, each short-run cost curve corresponds to a particular amount of fixed inputs.
As the fixed input amount increases in the long run, you move to different SR cost curves, each one corresponding to a particular plant size.
Long-run costs
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Notice in the graphs of LRAC curves presented so far that the curves have been drawn to be U-shaped. That is, when output is increasing LRAC at first falls, and then eventually rises. The overall shape of the long-run average cost curve depends on the technology of production.
Long-run costs
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For example, advantages implicit in large scale production (with large plants) may allow firms to produce large outputs at lower cost per unit.
On the other hand, firms may get so big that ever increasing managerial and monitoring costs may cause unit costs to rise.
Long-run costs
slide 8
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LRAC
Long-run costs
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slide 9
LRAC
Long-run costs
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slide 10
For the U-shaped long-run average cost curve, there are economies of scale over small outputs, and diseconomies of scale at larger outputs.
Long-run costs
slide 11
Not all firms necessarily suffer from diseconomies of scale at large outputs. When a firm has economies of scale over a range of outputs big enough to supply the total market demand, that firm is called a natural monopoly.
Long-run costs
slide 12
Naturally monopolies have long-run average cost curves that look like this:
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LRAC Q
As we will see, firms in perfect competition must have U-shaped long-run average cost curves. One conclusion from this is that only certain industries can be expected to be perfectly competitive. And a crucial factor is the technology of production, since that is what determines the shape of the long-run average cost curve.
Long-run costs slide 14