THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY

OF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION IN
MAJIDUN AREA OF IKORODU, LAGOS
STATE, NIGERIA.

AWOYEMI OLUSHOLA MOSES

2012

1.0. INTRODUCTION
Much of the current concern with regards
to environmental quality is focused on
water because of its importance in
maintaining the human health and health
of the ecosystem. Fresh water is finite
resource, essential for agriculture, industry
and even human existence, without fresh
water of adequate quantity and quality,
sustainable development will not be
possible (Kumar, 1997).

1.1. Statement of Research Problem

The quality of surface and groundwater is
often affected by increasing population,
urbanization and/or anthropogenic activities in
the environment. Surface water in the area of
study is also being polluted and this can cause
variation in the groundwater quality in the
area.
However, there is limited documentation of the
changes that take place on the physicochemical quality of surface and groundwater,
hence this study.

1.2. Specific Objectives of the Research

The specific objectives of the study are:
to determine the physico-chemical water
quality of groundwater resource in Majidun
area of Ikorodu, Lagos State;

determine the seasonal variation pattern in

groundwater quality in the area; and
assess the effect of surface water pollution
on the physico-chemical quality of the
groundwater resource.

3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Geographical Location of the Study Area

The study area Majidun-ilaje community is

located in Ikorodu west area of Lagos
State between longitudes 3o 27' E and 3o
28' E and latitude 6o 37' N. It is situated
along the Coast of Majidun River, an
extension of Oba River which channels
into Lagos lagoon. The area is populated
and covers 1.71 km2 area of land. The
maps of the sample location (majidun
area) and sampling points are shown in
Figures 3.1 and 3.2.

. RUS

Fig. 3.1 Map of Lagos State indicating

Majidun area, Ikorodu.

Fig. 3.2 Map of the sampling

points in Majidun area.

3.2. Experimental
TABLE 3.1: Water Sample Sources and GPS Location
Water Source

Symbol

GPS Location

Distance
(m)

Sample
No.

Depth of water (m)

Dry

Wet

Total depth
(m)

01

River (Upstream)

RUS

N 6o 37' 9.3'' E 3o
28' 8.7''

0.0

02

River (Downstream)

RDS

N 6o 37' 7.1'' E 3o
28' 8.4''

70.38

03

Hand-dug Well

HDW-1

N 6o 37' 10.0'' E 3o
28' 4.7''

127.62

9.7

5.8

12.0

04

Hand-dug Well

HDW-2

N 6o 37' 8.4'' E 3o
28' 3.9''

139.82

4.8

1.5

8.0

05

Hand-dug Well

HDW-3

N 6o 37' 9.0'' E 3o
28' 2.4''

189.76

3.6

0.7

6.0

06

Hand-dug Well

HDW-4

N 6o 37' 10.5'' E 3o
28' 1.9''

203.08

3.8

0.8

6.6

07

Borewell

BW-1

N 6o 37' 11.1'' E 3o
28' 11.2''

79.90

08

Borewell

BW-2

N 6o 37' 12.6'' E 3o
28' 0.4''

254.12

TABLE 3.2: Methods for the Analysis of Physical Parameters of Water

Quality
Parameter

Method

Procedure/ Equipment

Sample
volume(ml)

Unit

Temperature

Instrumentation

Mercury-in-glass
bulb thermometer

oC

pH

Instrumentation

pH-meter

Conductivity

Instrumentation

Conductivity meter

uS/cm

Colour
(True and
Apparent)

Colorimetric

Colorimeter (Wavelength =
430nm)

10

Pt-Co

Turbidity

Nephelometric

Colorimeter (Wavelength =
540 nm)

10

NTU

Total dissolved
solids (TDS)

Gravimetric

Difference in weights of filtered

and unfiltered sample after
evaporation of to constant
weight at at 105 2 oC.

100

mgL-1

Source: APHA et al., (1995).

TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemical parameters of Water Quality
Water
quality Parameter

Method

Titrant and
Indicator

Volume
Used(ml)

Colour Change

Unit

TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemical

parameters
of Water
Quality Light blue to Pink mgL
Alkalinity
Acid-Base
H SO
50
2

-1

Titration

and
Mixed indicator
(Bromocresol green
and Methyl red)

Chloride (Cl-)

MohrTitration

Hg(NO3)2
and Diphenylcarbazonebromo phenol blue

50

Yellow to
Purple

mgL-1

Calcium

Complexio-metric
Titration

Na2EDTA
and
Calcon indicator

50

Purple to
Light blue

mgL-1

Magnesium

Complexiometric
titration

Na2EDTA
and
Eriochrome
Black-T indicator

50

Purple to
Light blue

mgL-1

Total hardness

Complexiometric
titration

Na2EDTA
and
Eriochrome
Black-T indicator

25

Wine red to
Light blue

Organic carbon,
Organic matter
(TOM), and Chemical
oxygen demand
(COD)

Chromic acid wet

digestion titration

Ferrous ammonium
sulphate
and
Barium diphenylamine
sulphonate

100

Yellow to
Light green

Source: Ademoroti (1996b); APHA et al (1995).

mgL-1

mgL-1

TABLE 3.4: Instrumentation Methods Used in the Chemical

Analyses of Water Quality Parameters.
Water
Quality parameter

Instrument used

Wavelength (nm)

Unit

Sodium (Na+)

Flame emission
Spectrophotometer (FES)

589.0

mgl-1

Potassium (K+)

Flame emission
Spectrophotometer (FES)

766.0

mgl-1

Sulphate (SO42-)

Turbidimetric
(Turbidity meter)

540.0

mgl-1

Phosphate (PO43-)

Turbidimetric
(Turbidity meter)

882.0

mgl-1

Nitrate (NO3

2-)

Turbidimetric
(Turbidity meter)

420.0

Source: Golterman et al., (1978); APHA et al., (1995).

mgl-1

4.0. RESULT
TABLE 4.1:Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in dry
season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos
Parameters

Permissible
Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW-1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

Temp (oC)

Ambient

28.050.05

28.100.10

27.800.10

28.000.10

27.650.15

27.700.10

28.100.10

27.650.05

pH

6.5-8.5

6.900.10

6.850.25

7.150.15

6.800.00

7.450.05

7.350.05

6.850.25

6.900.40

App.C (Pt.Co)

15

139.9632.
01

171.5832.
33

171.5832.
33

27.9815.9
9

27.9815.9
9

43.970.00

43.970.00

0.000.00

Tr.C (Pt.Co)

15

27.9815.9
9

43.970.00

27.9815.9
9

11.990.00

6.006.00

11.990.00

11.990.00

0.000.00

Turb (NTU)

8.534.90

11.804.90

21.601.63

3.643.26

11.801.63

3.643.26

6.900.00

0.370.00

EC (S/cm)

1000

13880.00
5350.00

13730.00
5090.00

4290.001
50.00

2040.003
0.00

1880.001
0.00

1900.008
0.00

1620.000.
00

60.000.00

TDS (mg/L)

500

8883.204
324.00

8787.003
257.60

2745.696.
00

1305.601
9.20

1203.206.
40

1216.005
1.20

1036.800.
00

38.400.00

Alk (mg/L)

50-200

48.008.00

44.008.00

33.001.00

27.001.00

29.001.00

24.002.00

25.001.00

23.001.00

TH (mg/L)

500

1470.232
38.62

1494.435
4.32

1366.302
76.85

1039.852
27.65

1393.632
18.28

1276.482
18.28

981.2826
7.48

842.6549.
20

TOC (mg/L)

1.0

0.130.00

0.240.02

0.180.02

0.660.12

0.110.01

0.120.00

0.130.01

0.070.00

TOM (mg/L)

3.0

0.280.04

0.420.04

0.320.02

1.130.21

0.190.02

0.200.01

0.220.02

0.130.01

COD (mg/L)

5.0

0.360.02

0.650.06

0.490.04

1.750.32

0.290.03

0.310.02

0.340.03

0.200.02

TABLE 4.1 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables
investigated in dry season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,
Lagos
Parameters

Permiss
ible
Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW-1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

K+ (mg/L)

50

45.501
5.50

45.501
5.25

26.000
.00

27.751
.25

17.630
.88

30.381
.12

14.250
.25

1.380.
12

Na+ (mg/L)

200

926.00
238.00

1009.00
274.00

434.50
35.50

151.00
11.00

145.50
5.50

150.00
5.00

162.00
6.00

11.000
.00

Mg2+ (mg/L)

250

306.00
30.00

318.00
18.00

318.00
66.00

246.00
54.00

330.00
54.00

306.00
54.00

234.00
66.00

204.00
12.00

Ca2+ (mg/L)

200

86.254
6.25

76.255
1.25

25.002
.50

12.502
.50

16.251
.25

8.751.
25

8.751.
25

2.500.
00

Cl- (mg/L)

250

32684.9
010138
.70

37438.3
07937.
70

4573.06
63.81

1396.73
35.45

1318.74
155.98

1191.12
85.08

1474.72
28.36

247.33
34.63

SO42- (mg/L)

100

6.141.3
5

8.525.
10

1.270.
03

1.600.
76

3.820.
06

4.080.
87

1.100.
08

1.020.
28

PO43- (mg/L)

100

1.571.1
4

1.101.
07

0.720.
10

0.860.
16

1.480.
55

1.200.
46

0.580.
18

1.260.
55

NO3- (mg/L)

45

0.960.0
0

0.330.
12

0.960.
25

0.580.
12

0.460.
00

0.230.
23

0.230.
23

0.100.
10

TABLE 4.2: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in wet
season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos.
Parameters

Permissib
le Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW-1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

Temp (oC)

Ambient

26.550.
35

26.350.
35

26.150.
05

26.100.
20

26.200.
00

26.200.
10

26.300.
20

26.300.
10

pH

6.5-8.5

6.650.5
5

6.450.4
5

6.400.4
0

6.700.0
0

7.100.2
0

6.600.0
0

6.800.3
0

6.100.2
0

App.C (Pt.Co)

15

219.901
6.00

251.871
5.99

59.9716
.00

11.990.
00

6.006.0
0

27.9815
.99

91.9616
.00

6.006.0
0

Tr.C (Pt.Co)

15

75.9631
.99

107.953
1.99

11.990.
00

11.990.
00

0.000.0
0

11.990.
00

11.990.
00

0.000.0
0

Turb (NTU)

18.341.
64

18.334.
90

13.443.
26

2.001.6
3

3.643.2
6

5.261.6
4

8.942.0
4

2.001.6
3

EC (S/cm)

1000

3050.00
2690.00

2925.00
2525.00

3350.00
510.00

1860.00
330.00

2340.00
410.00

1620.00
320.00

1540.00
140.00

165.009
5.00

TDS (mg/L)

500

1830.00
1614.00

1755.00
1515.00

2010.00
306.00

1116.00
198.00

1404.00
246.00

972.001
92.00

924.008
4.00

99.0057
.00

Alk (mg/L)

50-200

13.001.
00

16.505.
50

73.0017
.00

80.007.
00

92.0012
.00

93.0020
.00

74.0010
.00

13.002.
00

TH (mg/L)

500

258.141
72.10

241.321
26.58

358.071
47.03

402.921
70.78

534.561
20.24

452.782
08.14

229.404
4.88

365.202
39.32

TOC (mg/L)

1.0

4.570.2
2

4.180.3
3

4.340.0
6

4.820.1
2

4.260.2
1

4.160.2
0

4.340.0
2

3.640.8
4

TOM (mg/L)

3.0

7.880.3
7

7.210.5
7

7.480.1
0

8.320.2
0

7.340.3
6

7.180.3
4

7.480.0
3

6.271.4
4

COD (mg/L)

5.0

12.200.
58

11.160.
88

11.570.
16

12.880.
31

11.360.
56

11.100.
52

11.580.
04

9.702.2
3

TABLE 4.2 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables
investigated in wet season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,
Lagos.
Parameters

Permissi
ble
Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

K+ (mg/L)

50

13.751
0.00

13.009
.25

34.13
1.62

26.123
.88

24.003
.50

30.252
.25

15.000
.00

3.382.
12

Na+ (mg/L)

200

265.50
234.50

259.00
231.00

219.00
121.0
0

112.00
43.00

140.50
30.50

105.50
24.50

139.50
13.50

9.751.
25

Mg2+ (mg/L)

250

52.293
2.83

49.712
3.25

58.37
38.91

69.314
0.13

89.983
1.62

81.475
2.29

49.861
0.94

87.555
8.37

Ca2+ (mg/L)

200

17.501
5.00

15.001
2.50

47.50
5.00

47.502
.50

66.253
.75

47.502
.50

10.000
.00

2.500.
00

Cl- (mg/L)

250

2906.90
2495.6
8

3417.38
2991.9
8

2396.4
21020
.96

1120.22
70.90

1155.67
475.03

744.45
177.25

1269.06
347.44

233.97
21.27

SO42- (mg/L)

100

24.968
.11

19.667
.80

22.46
7.48

16.220
.00

53.200
.80

21.720
.74

6.242.
50

7.182.
80

PO43- (mg/L)

100

1.420.
42

1.680.
56

2.942.
16

1.200.
84

2.211.
46

1.641.
22

1.680.
36

1.640.
81

NO3- (mg/L)

45

1.080.
12

1.080.
37

1.580.
87

1.450.
99

1.330.
87

1.700.
25

0.830.
12

0.830.
12

TABLE 4.3: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables
investigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells.
Parameters

Permissibl
e Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW-1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

Temp (oC)

Ambient

27.300.4
6

27.220.5
3

26.980.
48

27.050.5
6

26.920.4
2

26.950.4
4

27.200.5
3

26.980.3
9

pH

6.5-8.5

6.780.24

6.650.24

6.780.2
8

6.750.03

7.280.13

7.020.19

6.820.16

6.500.29

App.C (Pt.Co)

15

179.932
7.31

211.732
7.46

115.773
5.43

19.988.0
0

16.999.4
3

35.988.0
0

67.9615.
31

3.003.00

Tr.C (Pt.Co)

15

51.9720.
12

75.9622.
62

19.998.
00

11.990.0
0

3.003.00

11.990.0
0

11.990.0
0

0.000.00

Turb (NTU)

13.433.5
3

15.063.4
0

17.522.
79

2.821.56

7.722.79

4.451.56

7.921.02

1.180.82

EC (S/cm)

1000

8465.00
3968.69

8327.50
3887.11

3820.00
347.47

1950.00
144.91

2110.00
213.70

1760.00
157.06

1580.00
61.64

112.504
9.22

TDS (mg/L)

500

5356.60
2556.12

5271.102
504.43

2377.80
249.47

1210.80
97.93

1303.60
115.99

1094.00
107.43

980.404
7.29

68.7029.
11

Alk (mg/L)

50-200

30.5010.
63

30.258.8
7

53.0013
.48

53.5015.
57

60.5018.
84

58.5021.
54

49.5014.
73

18.003.0
3

TH (mg/L)

500

864.183
69.94

867.873
66.09

862.193
17.94

721.382
17.50

964.092
68.05

864.632
67.77

605.342
43.66

603.931
70.13

TOC (mg/L)

1.0

2.351.28

2.211.14

2.261.2
0

2.741.20

2.191.20

2.141.17

2.231.22

1.861.08

TOM(mg/L)

3.0

4.082.20

3.821.97

3.902.0
7

4.722.08

3.772.07

3.692.02

3.852.10

3.201.87

COD(mg/L)

5.0

6.283.42

5.903.06

6.023.2
0

7.313.22

5.833.20

5.703.12

5.963.24

4.952.89

TABLE 4.3 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical
variables investigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and bore
wells
Parameters

Permissibl
e Limit
(WHO)

RUS

RDS

HDW-1

HDW-2

HDW-3

HDW-4

BW-1

BW-2

K+ (mg/L)

50

29.621
1.86

29.2511.
88

30.062.
44

26.941.
73

20.812.
36

30.311.
03

14.620.
24

2.381.0
4

Na+ (mg/L)

200

595.75
234.44

634.002
61.31

326.758
0.75

131.502
1.33

143.001
2.73

127.751
6.41

150.758
.86

10.380.
62

Mg2+ (mg/L)

250

179.14
75.46

183.867
8.37

188.188
1.21

157.665
7.93

209.997
3.84

193.747
1.71

141.935
9.76

145.774
1.50

Ca2+ (mg/L)

200

51.882
8.07

45.6227.
86

36.256.
88

30.0010
.21

41.2514
.52

28.1211
.24

9.380.6
2

2.500.0
0

Cl- (mg/L)

250

17796.0
09595.
02

20428.00
10413.7
0

3484.70
754.46

1258.50
86.13

1237.20
209.48

967.781
51.88

1371.90
154.20

240.651
7.03

SO42- (mg/L)

100

15.556
.39

14.094.9
8

11.876.
84

8.914.2
3

28.5214
.26

12.905.
11

3.671.8
0

4.102.1
2

PO43-(mg/L)

100

1.500.
50

1.390.52

1.831.0
9

1.020.3
6

1.840.6
7

1.420.5
5

1.120.3
6

1.450.4
1

NO3- (mg/L)

45

1.020.
06

0.710.27

1.270.4
1

1.020.4
8

0.890.4
4

0.960.4
5

0.530.2
0

0.470.2
2

4.1. Mean Seasonal Variation

Fig. 4.1. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical parameters of the water samples for Temp., pH, Total hardness and
True color.

Fig. 4.2. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical parameters of the water samples for App.color, Turbidity, Conductivity, and
Alkalinity.

Fig. 4.3. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical parameters of the water samples for TDS, TOC, TOM and COD.

Fig. 4.4. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical parameters of the water samples for Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate
and Nitrate ions.

Fig. 4.5. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical parameters of the water samples for Potassium, Sodium, Magnssium
and Calcium ions.

TABLE 4.4. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for River
Majidun.
Samples

Parameters

Upstream river (RUS)

F
Sig.

Downstream river (RDS)

F
Sig.

Temperature (oC)

18.000

0.051

23.113

0.041*

pH

0.200

0.698

0.604

0.518

Conductivity (S/cm)

3.271

0.212

3.616

0.198

Organic Carbon (mg/l)

426.380

0.002**

139.449

0.007**

Organic matter (mg/l)

417.040

0.002**

141.207

0.007**

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)

423.713

0.002**

141.980

0.007**

Chloride ion (mg/l)

8.134

0.104

16.084

0.057

Sulphate ion (mg/l)

5.240

0.149

1.428

0.355

Phosphate ion (mg/l)

0.015

0.913

0.231

0.678

Nitrate ion (mg/l)

1.000

0.423

3.606

0.198

Potassium ion (mg/l)

2.963

0.227

3.320

0.210

Sodium ion (mg/l)

3.908

0.187

4.380

0.171

Magnessium ion (mg/l)

32.545

0.029*

83.255

0.012*

Calcium ion (mg/l)

1.999

0.293

1.348

0.365

Total dissolved solid (mg/l)

3.472

0.203

3.381

0.189

Turbidity (NTU)

3.306

0.198

0.888

0.445

Alkalinity (mg/l)

18.846

0.049*

8.024

0.105

Total hardness (mg/l)

16.973

0.054

82.767

0.012*

Apparent color (Pt.Co)

4.991

0.115

4.958

0.156

True color (Pt.Co)

1.800

0.312

4.000

0.184

TABLE 4.5. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for Hand dug wells
Samples
Parameters

HDW-1
F

Sig.

HDW-2
F

Sig.

HDW-3
F

Sig.

HDW-4
F

Temp (oC)

217.800

0.005**

72.200

0.014*

93.444

0.011*

112.500

0.009**

pH

3.082

0.221

2.882

0.232

169.000

0.006**

E. C (S/cm)

3.127

0.219

0.295

0.641

1.258

0.379

0.721

0.485

TOC (mg/l)

4584.000

0.000**

602.735

0.002**

381.014

0.003**

431.078

0.002**

TOM (mg/l)

4400.000

0.000**

614.698

0.002**

383.117

0.003**

433.124

0.002**

COD (mg/l)

4315.000

0.000**

615.817

0.002**

383.149

0.003**

430.603

0.002**

Cl-(mg/l)

4.528

0.167

12.168

0.073

0.106

0.775

5.161

0.151

SO42-(mg/l)

8.018

0.105

370.056

0.003**

3840.000

0.000**

238.536

0.004**

PO43-(mg/l)

1.040

0.415

0.157

0.731

0.219

0.686

0.111

0.771

NO3- (mg/l)

0.472

0.563

0.753

0.477

1.000

0.423

18.962

0.049*

K+(mg/l)

25.000

0.038*

0.159

0.728

3.122

0.219

0.002

0.965

Na+ (mg/l)

2.921

0.230

0.772

0.472

0.026

0.887

3.167

0.217

Mg2+ (mg/l)

11.483

0.077

6.897

0.120

14.713

0.062

8.922

0.096

Ca2+ (mg/l)

16.200

0.057

98.000

0.010*

160.000

0.006**

192.200

0.005**

TDS (mg/l)

5.261

0.149

0.908

0.441

0.666

0.500

1.508

0.344

Turb (NTU)

5.006

0.155

0.201

0.698

5.006

0.155

0.199

0.699

Alk (mg/l)

5.517

0.143

56.180

0.017*

27.372

0.035*

11.785

0.075

TH (mg/l)

10.345

0.085

5.009

0.155

11.883

0.075

7.459

0.112

AC (Pt.Co)

9.575

0.090

1.000

0.423

1.657

0.327

1.000

0.423

TC (Pt.Co)

1.000

0.423

1.000

0.423

Sig.

TABLE 4.6. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and
wet) for Bore wells
Samples

Parameters

BW-1
F

BW-2
F

Temperature (oC)

64.800

0.015*

145.800

0.007**

pH

0.016

0.910

3.200

0.216

Conductivity (S/cm)

0.327

0.625

1.222

0.384

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l)

36900

0.000**

18.174

0.051

Total Organic matter (mg/l)

40540

0.000**

18.180

0.051

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)

43150

0.000**

18.190

0.051

Chloride ion (mg/l)

0.348

0.615

0.108

0.774

Sulphate ion (mg/l)

4.230

0.176

4.773

0.161

Phosphate ion (mg/l)

7.226

0.115

0.151

0.735

Nitrate (mg/l)

5.344

0.147

20.332

0.046*

Potassium ion (mg/l)

9.000

0.095

0.883

0.447

Sodium ion (mg/l)

2.320

0.267

1.000

0.423

Magnessium ion (mg/l)

7.576

0.111

3.819

0.190

Calcium ion (mg/l)

1.000

0.423

Total dissolved solid (mg/l)

1.803

0.311

1.130

0.399

Turbidity (NTU)

1.000

0.423

1.000

0.423

Alkalinity (mg/l)

23.772

0.040*

20.000

0.047*

Total hardness (mg/l)

7.685

0.109

3.819

0.190

Apparent color (Pt.Co)

9.000

0.095

1.000

0.423

True color (Pt.Co)

Sig.

Sig.

TABLE 4.7. Post-Hoc multivariate comparism (Sheffe) to compare between

physico-chemical parameters of water sources
Samples
Parameters

River and HDW

Sig.

River and BW
Sig.

BW and HDW
Sig.

Temperature (oC)

0.751

0.923

0.957

pH

0.429

0.973

0.297

Conductivity (S/cm)

0.003**

0.001**

0.619

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l)

0.999

0.976

0.955

Total Organic matter (mg/l)

0.999

0.975

0.955

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)

0.999

0.976

0.955

Chloride ion (mg/l)

0.001**

0.002**

0.973

Sulphate ion (mg/l)

0.992

0.288

0.158

Phosphate ion (mg/l)

0.984

0.963

0.885

Nitrate (mg/l)

0.825

0.536

0.174

Potassium ion (mg/l)

0.897

0.006**

0.005**

Sodium ion (mg/l)

0.001**

0.001**

0.633

Magnessium ion (mg/l)

0.994

0.837

0.729

Calcium ion (mg/l)

0.517

0.025*

0.109

Total dissolved solid (mg/l)

0.003**

0.001**

0.639

Turbidity (NTU)

0.101

0.018*

0.440

Alkalinity (mg/l)

0.112

0.971

0.184

Total hardness (mg/l)

0.998

0.612

0.555

Apparent color (Pt.Co)

0.000**

0.000**

0.869

True color (Pt.Co)

0.000**

0.000**

0.833

5.0. DISCUSSION
The physico-chemical water quality of surface
and groundwater resources in Majidun area of
Ikorodu, Lagos State.
The seasonal variation pattern in surface and
groundwater quality in the area.
The effect of surface water pollution on the
physico-chemical quality of the groundwater
resource.
Interrelationship study between the physicochemial parameters of the water sources.

5.1. CONCLUSION
The result of the river water quality
indicated that it is highly polluted and
unsafe (above WHO limits) for human use.
The hand dug wells and the closest bore
well to the river are relatively polluted with
significant variations between the two major
seasons. The quality of farthest bore well
(BW-2) to the river indicated that it is within
the WHO permissible limit to be used for
various purposes.

Conclusion cotinued

The polluted surface water also had

significant influence on the groundwater
quality which varied with distance away
from the polluted river and depth of the
groundwater. Based on this, it is therefore
adviced that the anthropogenic activities
causing the pollution of the water bodies
should be avoided.

5.2. Contribution to knowledge

The study has provided information on the
quality of surface and groundwater and the
impact of anthropogenic activities on the
groundwater quality in relation to surface
water pollution in Majidun community of
Ikorodu, Lagos State.