Kuncoro Wastuwibowo

IEEE Indonesia Section

Y U NO make wireless systems computationally intelligent ??

 The current policies of spectrum block result in inefficiency of spectrum usage. In some block, the spectra are saturated, whereas other bands are underused. The improvement will need a flexible yet regulated use of spectrum band. Mobile and multi-device lifestyle currently requires multiband and multi-platform wireless technology, which should be simplified and/or future-enhanced with software-defined wireless technology.

Context-aware service and applications could be improved with cross-layer optimization including the flexible use of spectrum.

Device

Cognitive Radio

Generic TX / RX

Most-Effective (or Any Available Spectrum)

Aspects
Definition Coexistence Software-Defined Radio

Covering Standard Bodies

IEEE Dyspan, ETSI, ITU-R IEEE 802.19, IEEE Dyspan IEEE Dyspan, SDR Forum, ITU-R, OMG

Radio Interfaces
Heterogeneous Access Spectrum Sensing Testing Networking Security

IEEE 802.22, 3GPP

ETSI, IEEE Dyspan IEEE 802.22, IEEE Dyspan

2005

IEEE Communications Society & IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society established IEEE P1900 Standard Committee to develop supporting standards for dynamic spectrum management. 2007
IEEE Standard Board reorganised P1900 SC as Standards Coordinating Committee 41 (SCC41), Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). 2010

SCC41 voted to be organised under IEEE Communications Society Standards Board, and was renamed as IEEE DySPAN SC (Standard Committee).

DSA radio systems and networks with the focus on improved use of spectrum

New techniques and methods of DSA including the management of radio transmission interference

Coordination of wireless technologies including network management and information sharing amongst networks deploying different wireless technologies

1900.1 1900.2

Terminology and Concepts for Next Generation Radio Systems and Spectrum Management

Interference and Coexistence Analysis

1900.3
1900.4

Conformance Evaluation of Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Modules

Architectural Building Blocks Enabling Network-Device Distributed Decision Making in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks

1900.5
1900.6 P1900.7

Policy Language and Policy Architectures for Managing Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access Applications

Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and other Advanced Radio Communication Systems

Radio Interface for White Space Dynamic Spectrum Access Radio Systems Supporting Fixed and Mobile Operation

IEEE 802.22

802.22 is a wireless communication at 54863 MHz. It has an arrangement related to the identification of the PUs and defining the power levels so as not to interfere with the adjacent bands. BS controls all the CPEs decisions as to when to send data and the channels to use. CPE senses the spectrum in its vicinity, helping in distributed detection of PU activity.
IEEE 802.16 802.16 (WiMAX) has its own set of standards that support CR-like functionalities, including methods of efficient coexistence of multiple BWA systems. It also discussed interference analysis and coexistence issues for BWA networks in its bands.

IEEE 802.15 802.15 (WPAN) works in the license-exempt bands and also have their own set of standards related to coexistence. IEEE 802.11 Coexistence mechanisms are also included in 802.11 WiFi standards, including dynamic frequency selection and transmit power control for coexistence with satellite and radar systems operating in the 5 GHz band. IEEE 802.19 This standard defines general coexistence metrics for all IEEE 802 networks working in the unlicensed bands. Although focusing on IEEE 802 networks, the guidelines of the standard can be applicable to other unlicensed wireless systems

Cognitive radio (CR) is a type of wireless transmission in which communication systems are aware of their environment and internal state and can make decisions about their radio operating behavior based on that information and predefined objectives. Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is the real-time adjustment of spectrum utilisation in response to changing circumstances and objectives.

Radio Type
Hardware Software Adaptive Reconfigurable

Platform
Hardware HW/SW HW/SW HW/SW

Reconfiguration & Adaptability

Minimal Automatic Automatic / predefined Manual / predefined None Minimal

Intelligence

Minimal / none Minimal / none

Policy-based
Cognitive Intelligent

HW/SW
HW/SW HW/SW

Manual (database) / automatic

Full Full

Minimal / none
Artificial / machine learning Machine learning / prediction

Policies, Rules, etc

TX

Decision Database

Reconfigurable Radio Platform RX

Radio Environment , User Behaviour, Device State, etc

Learning & Reasoning

Sensing

Network Management Cellular Metropolitan Short-Range

Network reconfiguratio n management

3G

4G

WiMAX

WiMAX II (806.16m)

WiFi (802.11n)

WiFi NG

1900.4 Terminal

1900.4 Terminal

DSA-enabled Radios

IEEE 1900.4

Legacy terminal

Terminal reconfiguratio n management

Terminal reconfiguratio n management

RAN Context Information

RAN radio resource optimisation objectives RAN radio capabilities RAN measurements RAN transport capabilities

Terminal Context Information

User preferences Required QoS levels Terminal capabilities Terminal measurements Terminal geo-location information Geo-location-based terminal measurements

NRM: Network Reconfiguration Management

Responsible for managing composite wireless network (CWN) Accepting spectrum assignment policies from Policy block Transmit radio resource selection guide to TRM

TRM: Terminal Reconfiguration Management

Responsible for managing the terminal, within the framework defined by the NRM, for network-terminal distributed optimisation of spectrum usage Accepting radio resource selection guide from NRM

 Assume:
N = number of networks competing M = number of band

Two networks cannot share a band, because it will suffer the QoS

Any interfering network i in a specific band may choose to stay or switch

Expected cost to find a clear channel:

where
si, s-i strategy chosen by i and by other network

c cost of single switching

f(N,M) function that depicts the varying behavior of the cost with N and M. For example f(N,M) = NM/(M-N)

Challenge Accepted

If i chooses to stay, possibly: (i) All others will switch, creating clear band for i (ii) All others might stay, wasting the stage, and repeating the game G (iii) Some networks will switch, while the rest will stay and creating a subgame G The cost function is:

The optimization problem in this game is to find a mechanism of switching or staying such that the cost incurred can be minimized and an equilibrium can be achieved. Assuming all the players (networks) are rational, there might be a set of strategies with the property that no network can benefit by changing its strategy unilaterally while the other networks keep their strategies unchanged (Nash equilibrium).

If: p is the probability to switch and (1-p) is the probability of stay j is the number of other networks willing to switch Qj denotes the probability of j networks switching out of other N 1 networks

Then: the expected costs of i if it chooses to switch or to stay are

To find the optimal value, both equations are equated

Using binomial equations etc,

For any values of N and M, p has a nonzero finite value, thus proving the existence of a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium point.

 Average system convergence cost with 20 competing cognitive radio (CR) networks.
With increase in number of available bands, the convergence cost decreases. The convex nature of the curves proves that a point of minima exists for each of the curve. This minima corresponds to the Nash equilibrium strategy (p).

 System convergence costs following mixed strategy space for a varying network:band ratio (5090%) With an increase in the network : band ratio the system convergence cost increases almost exponentially.

PHY
Policy Enforcement Entity Incentive Entity Security Module Coexistence Module MIMO Topology Network Coding Cross-Layer Optimisation

MAC Cognitiv e Radio

Network

 Spectrum sensing & other DSA input Sharing technologies Location & contextawareness

Cognitive routing & prioritisation Smart antenna management Heterogeneous networks spectrum management

Cognitive learning & adapting

Collaborative radio-coverage and capacity extensions

Small cells & spectrum management

Cognitive MIMO

Self-configuring, optimising, healing technologies

Autonomic interoperability

Intersystem handoff & network resource allocation

End-to-end QoS, security, and trust system

 Fabrizio Granelli & al. Standardization and Research in Cognitive and Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks: IEEE SCC41 Efforts and Other Activities. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2010. Krzysztof Iniewski (ed). Convergence of Mobile and Stationary NextGeneration Networks. Wiley, 2010. Lee Pucker. Review of Contemporary Spectrum Sensing Technologies. Report for IEEE-SA P1900.6 Standards Group

Min Song & al. Dynamic Spectrum Access: From Cognitive Radio to Network Radio. IEEE Wireless Communications, February 2012.
Paul Houze & al. IEEE 1900.4 WG: IEEE 1900.4 Standard Overview. Presentation. R. Venkatesha Prasad & al, Cognitive Functionality in Next Generation Wireless Networks: Standardization Efforts. IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2008. Soodesh Buljore & al. Architecture and Enablers for Optimized Radio Resource Usage in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks: The IEEE 1900.4 Working Group. IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2009.

 Telkom Indonesia
Multimedia Division
Senior Service Creation (2010-now)

IEEE
Indonesia Section
Vice Chair (2012)

Comsoc, Indonesia Chapter

Chairman (2009-2011) Vice Chair (2007-2008)

Contact
Mail / Gtalk kuncoro@telkom.cc Twitter @kuncoro Mobile +62-21-3375-8000

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