An Introduction to GIS and GPS Technology

Overview

What is GIS? GIS Application GIS Data GIS Technology(ArcGIS) What is GPS? What does the GPS do? How it works Application with GIS and GPS Pocket Street Automated Vehicle Location System

A definition of GIS

GIS (-Geographic Information Systems) is a computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location. spatial locationusually a geographic location

What is GIS

Different layers

Typically a GIS is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image of a map

Smart Maps:

linking database to maps.

GISOne example with Five Data

Layers

GIS Application
In

the past,

Survey data was first read into a computational program, where errors are eliminated and point coordinates reduced.

The reduced data is then transferred to a CAD program and complemented with construction elements

Finally the data is transferred to a central system.

GIS Application Today

Todays modern systems allow data to be transferred directly to the GIS database. All information is immediately available for further processing such as correcting errors, performing calculations, etc.

Data flow For GIS Application

Data Sources for GIS

Digitized and Scanned Maps

purchased, donated, free (Internet) created by user

DataBases Tables of data GPS Global Positioning System

accurate locations

Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography

Data Store
Vector Formats Discrete representations
of Reality
give specific spatial locations explicitly geographic space is continuous, not quantized attributes are stored separately from locations

Raster Formats use square cells to

model reality
Matches hardware nicely Reduced spatial precision

Large storage requirements

Data Output

GIS Technology: Software

GIS software provides the functions and tools

needed to store, analyze, and display information about places.

The key components of GIS software are

Tools for entering and manipulating geographic information such as addresses or political boundaries A database management system (DBMS) Tools that create intelligent digital maps you can analyze, query for more information, or print for presentation An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI)

Major GIS software ARCGIS (ArcView 8.1)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS)
is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.Department of Defense.

GPS satellites

24 Satellites in 6 planes, each plane has 4 satellites These space vehicles (SVs) send radio signals from space.

What does the GPS do

Satellite signals can be processed in a GPS receiver. GPS receiver will show your EXACT location on the Earth (latitude and longitude) Helps you find your way to a specified location Lets you know what direction you are heading and how fast you are going

GPS- How it works

Measuring the distance from a satellite by measuring travel time of radio signals seconds Distance = speed of light * latency in time Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock.

GPS- How it works

Given 1 satellite

We can locate our position on the surface of a sphere

GPS- How it works

Given 2 satellites

We can locate our position on the intersection of 2 spheres (a circle)

GPS- How it works

Given 3 satellites

We can locate our position on the intersection of 3 spheres (2 points)

GPS-How it works

Given 4 satellites

We can locate our position on the intersection of 4 spheres (1 point). The point should be located on the earths surface

GPS- How it works

The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude).

Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GIS

Pocket Streets offers exciting features such as street-smart mapping, map customization. With Pocket Streets on your Pocket PC, you will take a smart map with you wherever you go.

Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GIS

Download the map for the city. Connect the GPS receiver to Pocket PC. Choose "Track Position" from the GPS menu to show your current position on the map. The position moves when you move.

Pocket Streets- an example with GPS and GIS

Tap-and-Hold on either a Contact with an address, or a Calendar appointment that has an address in the location.

Choose "Find On Map" from the pop-up menu to show the location in Pocket Streets.

Automated Vehicle Location System

Where is the bus What direction is the bus traveling to What is the travel speed Where is stop How long is the stop

Automated Vehicle Location System

Conclusions

GPS can show your EXACT location on the Earth (latitude and longitude) GIS provides several different map layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature related to spatial data. Using GIS and GPS we can capture, management, analysis, modeling and display geographically referenced data for decision making. It is a way in which to begin to represent and model the real world.

THANKS