Value of Biodiversity

a) Consumptive use value include direct use values where the biodiversity product can be harvested and consumed directly, e.g., fuel, food, drugs and fibre.

b) Productive use values

These are the commercially usable values, where the product is marketed and sold.

c) Social value

These are the values associated with the social life, customs, religion and psychospiritual aspects of the people.

d) Ethical Value
It is also sometimes known as existence value. It involves ethical issues like all life must be preserved. It is based on the concept of live and let live.

Ethical value means that we may or may not use a species, but knowing the fact that these species exists in nature gives us pleasure.

e) Aesthetic value

d) Option value
These values include the potential of biodiversity that are presently unknown and need to be explored.

Option value is the knowledge that there are biological resources existing on this biosphere that may one day prove to be an effective option for something important in the future.

e) Ecosystem service value

It refers to the services provided by the ecosystems like prevention of soil erosion, prevention of floods, maintenance of soil fertility, cycling of nutrients, pollutant absorption and reduction of the threat of global warming, etc.

International Initiatives for Environmental Management

Convention on Biological Diversity

CBD
UN conference on Envt & Development- June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro Entered into force in Dec1993
India became party in CBD in 1993

First international treaty to try to protect all levels of diversity and living organisms on Earth.

Three Goals of the CBD

1. Conservation of biological diversity

2. Sustainable use of components of biodiversity 3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits

Benefit-sharing examples: Fieldwork

Sharing knowledge and experience

Sharing/donating equipment

Benefit-sharing for botanists

Usually non-monetary For example
collaborative work

Benefit-sharing examples: Technical

Staff exchange Donation of tools, equipment, labels

Benefit-sharing examples: Scientific

Joint research and publications

Citing sources of material & sending copies

Sharing specimen information and images

Parties to the CBD

RBG Kew

What is unique about this treaty?

A framework for action Decisions at the national level Recognition that biodiversity is not equally distributed

Benefit-sharing

Bodies of the CBD

COP SBSTTA

Secretariat
Ad-hoc working groups Clearing House Mechanism National Focal Points

1) Conference of the Parties, or COP

Governing body of the CBD

Parties meet every two years

Take decisions

2) The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, or SBSTTA Decisions of the COP are guided and informed by SBSTTA made up countries of experts from member

4) Ad Hoc Working Groups :To specific issues

tackle

5) The Clearing House Mechanism (CHM)

promotes technical and scientific cooperation between Parties Encourages the exchange of information on biodiversity.

6) National Focal Point

Each country is expected to set up a CBD National Focal Point

Treaty commitments include:

a) Educating people b) Identifying & monitoring-components to be conserved c) Rehabilitating & restoring- recovery of threatened species & degraded ecosystem d) Preventing & Controlling threaten to ecosystem e) Reporting-how to meet the biodiversity goals

International Efforts for Biodiversity Conservation

GEF

IBSP

CBD

CITES

WITC

Ramsar convention

Bonn convention

1.

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

Established in 1990 Under world bank UNDP (United Nations Development Progrmme ) UNEP( United Nations Environment Progrmme )

2. International Biodiversity Strategy Programme (IBSP).

Outlined by
World Resource Institute (WRI) World Conservation Union (WCU) United Nations Environment Progrmme (UNEP) and more than 40 governmental and non-governmental organizations.

3) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

In force since 1973 with currently 152 countries as signatory to it. Helped to reduce trade in many threatened species

Bans hunting, capturing and selling of endangered or threatened species or products derived from them.
The signatories are bound to pass laws in their country according to the CITES guidelines.

4) Convention on Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritages.

Encourage the identification, protection and preservation of places of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to mankind. To identify and conserve the worlds cultural and natural heritage.

5) The Ramsar Convention

1. 2. To create awareness about the importance of wetlands. International Biological Programme (IBP), International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN)

3.

International Waterfowl and Wetland Research Bureau (IWWRB)

organized a series of international conferences in the 1960s paved the way for convention on wetlands

Force w.e.f Dec 1975 India became a signatory to this convention in 1981.

 Provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

6. Convention on the Conservation Migratory Species of Wild Animals The CMS, or the Bonn Convention

of

aims to conserve terrestrial marine and avian migratory species throughout their range.

Role of Environment Institutions in Biodiversity Conservation

1. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Established by UN is 1972.

Administering the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

2. Worldwide Funds For Nature (WWF)

The worlds largest privately financed international conservation organisation to protect endangered species and their habitats.

It directs its conservation efforts towards saving endangered species and protecting endangered habitats.

3. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)

IUCN was founded on October 5, 1984. Mission of IUCN : To influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.

Basel Convention

 International treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).

 Reduce transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to a minimum consistent with their environmentally sound management Dispose of hazardous wastes as close as possible to their source of generation Minimize generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity and degree of hazard

 Opened for signature on 22 March 1989 Entered into force on 5 May 1992. Parties173

Does not, address the movement of radioactive waste

 Intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated Ensure environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, Assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

History
Tightening of environmental developed nations in the 1970s. 1) Khian Sea waste disposal incident ship carrying incinerator ash from the city of Philadelphia Dumped half of its load on a beach in Haiti laws in

2) Koko Case-1988
Five ships transported 8,000barels of HW From Italy to Koko

Monthly rent

Basel key Provisions

Written Permission order
Movement document for shipment point disposal porters Movement among porters Transboundary movement parties only among

Convention on fishing and conservation of living resources of the High Sea

Effects of Fishing
1) Over fishing

2) Habitat
3) Bottom trawling 4) Extinction of Many species

 SCOPE : convention applies to all fishers & fishing vessels engaged in commercial fishing operations

Is an agreement that was designed to solve through international co operation the Pbs involved in the conservation of lining resources of high seas, considering that bze of development of modern technology some of resources are in danger of being over exploited

- Opened for Signature 29 April 1958

- Done at Geneva on (Switzerland)

- Entered into force 20 March 1966

Objectives of the convention

Decent conditions of work on board fishing vessels Conditions of Service Payment Rest periods of sufficient duration

Work related sickness ,injury, death-Compensation /Insurance Social Security

 The ILO's Committee on Conditions of Work in the Fishing Industry

 1) Medical Examination (Fishermen) Convention, 1959(No. 113) This Convention generally provides that no person shall be engaged for employment in any capacity on a fishing vessel unless he produces a certificate attesting to his fitness for the work for which he is to be employed at sea

Medical Care valid medical certificate

2) Fishermen's Competency Certificates Convention, 1966 (No. 125)

Prescribes the minimum age for the issue of a certificate, minimum years of sea service. 3) Vocational Training (Fishermen) Recommendation, 1966 (No. 126)
training in "safety at sea

Matters : effects of icing, personal safety, gear and machinery safeguards, engine-room safety, lifeboat handling, first aid and medical care

4) Accommodation of Crews (Fishermen) Convention, 1966 (No. 126) Requirements fishing vessels. apply to existing ships and new

drainage, ventilation, heating, lighting, sleeping room size, mess rooms, sanitary.

5) Hours of Work (Fishing) Recommendation, 1920 (No. 7)

6) Minimum Age (Fishermen) Convention, 1959 (No. 112) This Convention stipulates that children under the age of 15 years shall not be employed or work on fishing vessels

Issues addressed in the Convention

Payment of fishers

Medical care
Occupational Safety

Social security
Hours of rest

Minimum age for work

 The Antarctic Treaty

The Antarctic continent

Winter population 1000 people, 10,000 in summer Ice covered for the last 25 million years Less than 1% of continent is ice free

The Antarctic Treaty

Antarctica is a natural reserve devoted to peace and science

The Antarctic Treaty manages the regions wildlife

Forty-five countries have acceded to the Antarctic Treaty (80% of the world population)

 Opened for signature on December 1, 1959

Officially entered into force on June 23, 1961. The original signatories = 12 countries Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Issues addressed at
ATCMs- Antarctic Meetings Treaty Consultative

Guidelines for shipping in Antarctic waters Protection species for endangered Antarctic

Mgt regulation of Antarctic tourism

Articles of the Antarctic Treaty

 Article 1 area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose;
Article 2 freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the United Nations and other international agencies;

 Article 4 the treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes;

 Article 6 includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south;
Article 7 treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given;

 Article 8 allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states;

Article 9 frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty;

 Article 11 disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the International Court of Justice; Articles 12, 13, 14 deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations

 International instruments by the agreed parties

1. CCAS- The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals . Adopted in 1972 & entered into force 1978 Set quotas for scientific research

2.CCAMLR- The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

Adopted in 1980 & entered into force 1982

Protect marine ecosystem from over fishing

3.CRAMRA- The Convention for the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities Opened for signature in 1988

To provide regulatory process for the exploration & exploitation of Antarctic minerals.

 International Organizations' and their Effects.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7LNfz_fk5M&feature=related

Greenpeace
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKi6 HpInuDw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpdP aY_A608

 Global environmental organisation Presence : over 40 countries. HQ- Amsterdam, Netherlands Does not accept funding from governments, corporations or political parties Founded:1971 Method :Direct action

 Greenpeace evolved from the peace movement and anti-nuclear protests in Vancouver, British Columbia in the early 1970s Received international attention during the 80s when the French intelligence agency bombed the Rainbow Warrior

Green peace work on various issues MISSION

a) Defending our oceans: Creating a global network of marine reserves.

b) Protecting the worlds ancient forests:

c) Creating a toxic free envt: Safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today's pdts & manufacturing

d) Campaigning for sustainable agriculture:

Rejecting genetically engineered organisms

Greenpeace's principles and core values

'bear witness' destruction in a manner; to environmental peaceful, non-violent

Use non-violent confrontation to raise the level and quality of public debate;

 Ensure financial independence from political or commercial interests; Seek solutions for, and promote open, informed debate about society's environmental choices.

To eliminate toxic PVC plastic and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from its products

Green Peace International

launches first pubilic pirate fishing vessel list of shame and demands government trans.(9 march 2007) Demands Ships return to France(10th Jan 2006 Closes words largest coal port(27 july 2005)

Friends of Earth

 FOEI is assisted by a small secretariat (based in Amsterdam) which provides support for the network and its agreed major campaigns. international network of environmental organizations in 76 countries.[2]

Activities of Friends of Erath

The current campaign priorities of Friends of the Earth internationally are: economic justice and resisting neoliberalism forests and biodiversity food sovereignty

climate justice and energy

All FoE International campaigns incorporate elements of three core themes which are:
protecting rights human and environmental disappearing

protecting the biodiversity

planet's

the repayment of ecological debt owed by rich countries to those they have exploited