Electro-Chemistry

Group # 3
Name
Muhammad Usman Habib Rafay Usman Kamran Sagheer

Roll #
11053123-052 11053123-038 11053123-050

Electro-Chemistry
It deals with the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy and conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.

Electronic and Electrolytic Conductors

Electronic or Metallic Conductor In metallic conductors, the current is transported by the electrons and conducting material does not go any chemical change. Electrolytic Conductors In electrolytic conductors, the current is transported due to the migration of the ions and these ions move towards the respective electrodes.

Comparison between Electronic and Electrolytic Conductors

Electronic Conductors Electricity is conducted by the flow of electrons from negative to positive potential. Electrolytic Conductors Electricity is conducted by the charged ions moving towards the respective electrode.

No chemical change takes A chemical change takes place during the conduction place during the conduction of electrical current. of electrical current. The increase of temperature, decrease the 1 conductance. The increase of temperature, increase the conductance. T C

Electrical Resistance

It can be understand by the Ohms law. The resistance of a conductor is the ratio of applied voltage (E) to the current strength (I) flowing through the conductor. R = E/I Its unit is Ohm. Symbolically () This law is obeyed by metallic conductors and electrolytic conductors.

Conductance

Conductance is reciprocal to resistance. Let us denote it by (C). So, the resistance (R) and Conductance (C) are just opposite to each other. C = 1/R The unit of conductance is also reciprocal to resistance. i.e. (ohm)-1 or mho It is also expressed in Siemon's (S) 1 Siemon = 1 mho 1 S = 1-1

Specific Resistance

The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length (l) and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area (a).

R , R a a

a , R

Here is constant of proportionality. This is called specific resistance or resistivity. Its value depends upon the nature of conductor. Its unit is m.

Specific Conductance

The reciprocal of resistivity is called specific conductance or conductivity or simple conductance. Let us denote it by (K).

1 So, K As we know that R a

1 Since R C

1 1 Put the values C K a

and K C a

Standard Hydrogen Electrode

The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) used as standard Electrode potential is shown in fig.

Electrochemical Series
When elements are arrange in the order of their standard electrode potential on hydrogen scale, the resulting list is known as electrochemical series.

Features of Electrochemical Series

Electrodes are arranged in decreasing order of reduction potential. All the electrodes above SHE can accept electrons from SHE and acts as cathode and SHE acts as an anode. SHE can accept the electrons from all the electrodes below it and act as anode and electrodes act as cathode.

Features of Electrochemical Series

When two electrodes are connected with each other, then electrons flow from lower to higher and the EMF of the cell is determined from the electrode potential of two. If both electrodes are below or above the SHE then the current flows from lower to higher with the difference of the two. If one electrode is above SHE and other is below then current flows from lower to higher with the sum of two.

Applications of Electrochemical Series

We can predict relative ease of oxidation. We can predict spontaneity of reaction.

We can choose strongest oxidizing agent and the weakest oxidizing agent. We can predict whether a metal react with an acid to give hydrogen gas or not.

Electrochemical Cells

Electrochemical Cells
These are the cells which convert electrical energy into chemical energy and chemical energy into electrical energy. These are of two types. 1. Voltaic or Galvanic Cell 2. Electrolytic Cell

Voltaic or Galvanic Cell

A cell which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Consider a reaction between Zinc and Copper sulphate. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu It is an oxidation reduction reaction Zn0 +Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu0 The reaction can be split up into two half reactions. Zn Zn+2 + 2e- (Oxidation half reaction) Cu+2 + 2e- Cu (Reduction half reaction)

Construction of Galvanic Cell

Important Points

Oxidation takes place at zinc electrode and it is called anode. Reduction takes place at copper electrode and it is called cathode. Zinc rod is called negative pole while copper rod is called positive pole. The electrons flow from negative to positive pole in the external circuit.

Important Points

The zinc electrode releases the zinc ions and electrons are set free. Zinc ions become excess in left beaker and sulphate ions from the salt bridge compensate those ions to make the solution neutral. When Cu+2 ions are deposited at the right electrode, then the SO4-2 becomes excess in the beaker. K+ from the salt bridge travels towards this beaker and solution becomes neutral. The net result is that the weight of Cu-electrode increases and that of Zn-electrode decreases.

Electrolytic cells

A cell which converts electrical energy into chemical energy. At cathode: 2Na+ + 2e- 2Na At anode: 2Cl- Cl2 + 2eNet reaction: 2Na+ + 2Cl- 2Na0 + Cl20

Construction of Electrolytic Cell

Comparison
Galvanic Cell

Electrolytic Cell

Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Spontaneous reactions complete this cell. We cannot set up two electrodes in the same solutions of same or different electrolytes. Electrode on which oxidation takes place is called anode and that on which reduction takes place is called cathode. We need a bridge to maintain the internal flow of ions.

Electrical energy is converted into chemical energy. Redox reactions are mostly non-spontaneous. The two electrodes are set up in same electrolytic solution. Electrode connected to positive terminal of battery is called anode and that negative terminal of battery is called cathode. There is no need of any salt bridge.