SHEB2304 Analysis of Organismal Systematics

DNA BARCODING
Presented By; Amirah Adib Raliza Hashim Rekhayanthi Ganam

Introduction
technique for characterizing species of organism using a short DNA sequence DNA sequence are very short relative to entire genome provides a way to identify the species to which a plant, animal or fungus belongs. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial region (COI) is standard barcode region use in DNA barcoding in most animal group. Example of DNA barcoding: - identifying plan leaves - identifying insect larvae - identifying the diet of an animal

DNA Barcoding
System and Tools

Barcoding Projects
1. 2. 3. 4. The Specimens The Laboratory Analysis The Databases The Data Analysis

The Specimens
Specimens includes herbaria, zoos, aquaria, frozen tissue collections, seed banks, type of culture collections, seed banks and other repositories of biological materials

Laboratory Analysis
DNA barcode sequences can be obtained following approved laboratory protocols (e.g CBOLs laboratory protocols) The best equipped molecular biology labs can produce a DNA barcode sequence can be produced in a few hours.

The Databases
As an important construction of a public reference library of species identifiers which could be used to assign unknown specimens to known species.
e.g Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) Barcode of Life Data Portal (BoL) Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD)

The Data Analysis

Specimens are identified by finding the closest matching reference record in the database. CBOL's Data Analysis Working Group has created the Barcode of Life Data Portal which offers researchers new and more flexible ways to store, manage, analyze and display their barcode data.

Application of DNA Barcoding

Pilot Projects : There are many independent projects conduct to develop the DNA barcoding application Goals and objectives: Validate barcoding approach, in general, and the use of COI, in particular (for animals); i.e., proof of principle. Assess feasibility of large-scale effort, e.g., identify bottlenecks, cost, logistic issues.

Bee Barcode of Life Initiative (Bee-BOL)

Bee-BOL, the Bee Barcode of Life Initiative, is a global effort to coordinate the assembly of a standardized reference sequence library for all ~20,000 bee species. Bee-BOL is creating a valuable public resource in the form of an electronic database containing DNA barcodes, images, and geospatial coordinates of examined specimens. The database contains linkages to voucher specimens, information on species distributions, nomenclature, authoritative taxonomic information, collateral natural history information and literature citations.

European Consortium Barcode of Life (ECBOL)

ECBOL is an information and coordination hub on DNA barcoding in Europe. The ECBOL initiative (Calibrating European Biodiversity using DNA Barcodes) is a network of European researchers and is seeking to obtain funding fro the coordination and maintenance of a Network of European Leading Labs

Mammalia Barcode of Life Campaign

The Mammalia Barcode of Life campaign is a part of the larger effort encompassing all vertebrates, and aims to build a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the global mammal fauna. The campaign seeks to assemble a broad global coalition of leading researchers, museums, and other institutions with interest in mammal taxonomy and biodiversity

Many other projects

Mosquito Barcode Initiative (MBI) Marine Barcode of Life (MarBOL)
MarBOL is an international campaign to obtain at least 50,000 barcode records of marine species by October 2010. MarBOL is led by an international Steering Committee and an affiliated project of the Census of Marine Life (CoML).

Lepidoptera Barcode of Life

The aim of the Lepidoptera Barcode of Life campaign is to build a COI barcode library for all butterfly and moth species.

CBOL Fungal Working Group Polar Barcode of Life (PolarBOL)

coordinates barcoding efforts in ongoing bioinventory projects in Arctic and Antarctic marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.

Advantages
Identifying Disease Vectors - infectious diseases such as malaria are transmitted
through vector species. DNA barcoding enable non-taxonomists to identify these vectors

Sustaining Natural Resources - natural resources such as fish and hardwood trees is
leading to species depletion, extinction. Natural resource managers and regulators can monitor the illegal trade of processed products using barcoding. Reference barcode libraries are being constructed for fish (FISH-BOL) and hardwood trees (TreeBOL), with the goal of improving the management and conservation of these natural resources.

Advantages
Protecting Endangered Species
Law enforcement can use DNA barcoding to distinguish bushmeat in local markets obtained from endangered species, thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity.

Monitoring Water Quality

The health of lakes, rivers and streams is often measured by studying the organisms living in them. DNA barcoding is being used to document these indicator species that can otherwise be difficult to identify. Environmental agencies can use barcoding to improve their water quality assessments, and to create and enforce better policies that ensure sustainable supply of safe drinking water

Disadvantages
No single gene will work for all taxa (e.g., COI is not appropriate for vascular plants, or even for some animals). Single-gene approach is less precise than using multiple genes It may not work or we may not have the databases.

Identification using morphological keys

Dual Benefits
As a supplement to experienced taxonomists to their knowledge. As an innovative device for non-experts to make a quick identification.

Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL)

Barcode of Life Data Portal (BoL)

Barcode of Life Data System

Example of DNA barcode tools

Example of DNA barcode tools