Gas Turbine Power

Generation
-An Introduction
Combined Cycle Power Generation
Earliest example of
harnessing jet propulsion
for having Rotary motion.



Originator is Hero of
Alexandria, Egypt
Invention of Aeolipile in 150 BC
Initial Concept of Engine
Simple Gas Turbine
Joule Brayton Cycle
Open Cycle Gas Turbine for Power Generation
Gas Turbine Rotor
Gas Turbine Rotor
M501F/M701F Gas Turbine (MHI)
FUEL
(100 %)
POWER (30 %)
MISC.
(3 %)
EXHAUST
HEAT
(67 %)
Heat Balance In Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine Requirements
Factors for a Gas Turbine
High efficiency
High specific output (output/kg of air flow)

Key Parameters affecting above:
Firing temperature
(Limited by metallurgy/cooling technology)
Pressure Ratio
Higher TIT
Each 55
o
C increase in TIT improves Output by 10-
13 % and Efficiency by 2-4 %.

TIT for Modern Gas Turbines > 1400
o
C

Higher TIT demands :
a. Creep Rupture Strength,
b. Fatigue Resistance to cyclic loadings,
c. Castability and Machinabilty,
d. Phase Stability
Air for Blade cooling
Air for Blade cooling
GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage
GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage
GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

The firing temperature is raised from
1104
o
C to 1124
o
C



GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage
GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage
GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage
Firing Temp. Trend & Material Capability
Effect Of Cooling On TIT


Performance
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Pr. Ratio
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2
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P
P

q
1 14 7
Efficiency of Simple and Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines
Factors Affecting GT Performance
Ambient Temperature
Altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Relative Humidity
Inlet Pressure Loss
Exhaust Pressure Loss
Performance degradation
Steam /Water Injection for NOx Control
Type of Fuel
TYPICAL
Effect of Ambient Temperature
A 28C results in :
~ 25 % output reduction and
~ 10 % higher heat rate.
TYPICAL
Effect of Ambient Temperature
A 28C results in* :
~ 25 % output reduction and
~ 10 % higher heat rate.
Evaporative Cooling
Effect of Altitude
At 1000 meter
elevation the gas
turbine output is
15 % lower than
at sea level

TYPICAL
Effect of Humidity
4 inches H2O inlet drop produces :
1.50 % power output loss
0.50 % heat rate increase
1.2 F exhaust temp. Increase

4 inches h2o exhaust drop produces :
0.50 % power output loss
0.50 % heat rate increase
1.2 F exhaust temp. Increase
INDICATIVE FIGURES
015
TYPICAL
Effect of Inlet Pressure Drop
TYPICAL
016
Effect of Steam Injection
TYPICAL
Effect of Evaporative Cooling
TYPICAL
018
Gas Turbine as Prime Mover
Self contained power package Units
Provided under supplier under single contract
Stanadardised product line/assembly line
Quick & easy installations
Low capital cost & fast installation
Higher operating costs in Open cycle but high
overall efficiency in Combined cycle
Good cycling capability
Lower pollutant emission
Lower pollutant emission
Lower installed cost
More compact site
Clean fuel source
No ash disposal
No coal handling cost
Lower O&M cost
Lower manpower
Phase wise construction
Gas Turbine as Prime Mover
Why not have Gas Turbine
everywhere?
Gas Turbine as Prime Mover


Map of
GAIL's
Pipelines
in India
HBJ pipe line
covers Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh,
Haryana and
Delhi, traversing
a total of 2,688
km.

Higher fuel cost
Uncertain long term fuel supply
Output more dependant on Temperature

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover
Major Components
Starting system
Inlet Air System
Compressor
Combustion system
Silo type
Multiple Canular
Annular
Turbine
Exhaust system
Generator
Bypass Stack system
Waste Heat recovery System
Starting System
1. SFC : Starting Frequency Converter

2. External Motor Driven
Typical power requirement :
2 MW for 150 MW Gas Turbine
Typical Installation
Typical Installation
Different
Types of
Filters
Typical Installation
Thicker boundary layer results in
Reduced mass flow through the Compressor
Reduced compression pressure gain and
therefore lesser pressure ratio.

Compressor fouling reduces the compressor
isentropic efficiency, resulting in more power
for compressing the same amount of air
Why Compressor Cleaning ?
Washing restores engine efficiency that
would otherwise be lost by fouling.
Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output
The compressor blade
before cleaning
The compressor blade after
cleaning
Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output
Nozzle Spaying Washing Liquid
Nozzles around the Compressor Inlet
(Blue Hose)
Compressor Wash Pump Skid
Mixing Tank
Control system
High pressure pump
Pnuematic 12 tyres
Typical Gas Turbine Installations
Typical section of Combustion Chamber
Typical Silo type
combustion chamber
Silo type
combustion
chamber with
Primary and
Secondary air

Primary air: 30 %
Secondary Air:65 %
Blade cooling: 5 %
24 Burners in a Hybrid-Burner-Ring (HBR) Combustor

GAS TURBINE A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Multiple Canular Combustion System
Siemens 501G Turbine
COMBUSTION -AIMS
GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION OBJECTIVES
- CO, UHC, and NOx emission reduction
- Attaining high inlet temperature
- Flame Stabilization
- High Combustion Efficiency
- Minimum Pressure Loss
ABOVE OBJECTIVES ARE ATTAINED BY
- Lean premix combustion
- Reduced resident time, and
- Increased turbulence.
Annular or Canannular combustors are more
suitable for achieving above as compared to Silo
type combustion chambers.
Auxiliary Systems
Lub oil system
Hydraulic Oil system
Turbine Cooling air system
Fuel system
NOx Control system
Fire protection system
Compressor wash system

Post Combustion Pollution Control
SCR: NOx is converted into nitrogen
and water vapour by injecting
ammonia in presence of a catalyst.

SCONOx: Single catalyst for removal
of CO, NOx, VOCs, SO
2
and
requires no chemical injection.
Principle of DeNOx thru SCR
SCR
Suitable temperature range 300 to 400
o
C.
Segments having honeycomb patterns
containing catalyst is arranged within HRSG.
Ammonia slip is a concern, requires
sophisticated control system for controlling
injection.
Excessive Size and Weight.
Costly as compared to primary methods.
Sensitive to fuels containing more than 1000
ppm of sulfur.
H-Technology
The Next generation technology
Firing temperature raised to 2650 deg F
Novel features
Steam Cooling
CCP efficiency barrier of 60% crossed
Single shaft CCP configuration 480MW
Reheat Combined Cycles
10% reduction in operating costs