BIOLOGY SBU 3023

GROUP MEMBERS 1. VIVIANA VELENTHIA MICHEAL (D20101037453) 2. ROS SALIMA BINTI M.ROS (D20101037483) 3. NIK IKHWAN BIN NIK LEE (D20101037491) 4. NIK SYARIHAH NIK MUHAMAD ZIN (D20101037454) 4. CLAUDIA MUSIH (D20101037447)

OBJECTIVES
To do a literature survey about the three phylum.
Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Hierarchical system of taxonomy

kingdom phylum class order

family
genus species

KINGDOM

PLANTAE Seed bearing plants and non-seed bearing plants

ANIMALIA

FUNGI

Moulds, mushrooms and toadstools

Jellyfish, worms, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

PROTISTA Single-celled organisms

MONERA Bacteria and primitive algae

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS
Heterotrophs must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular complex bodies No cell walls allows active movement Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte

DIVERSITY OF BODY PLANS

5 BASIC FEATURE TO COMPARE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF ANIMALS : 1. Body symmetry 2. Cephalization 3. Type of gut 4. Body cavity 5. segmentation

1. BODY SYMMETRY :

Animals
Vertebrates
Mammals Fish Reptiles

Invertebrates
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes

Nematoda Mollusca
Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata

Amphibians
Birds

PHYLUM

 Reasoning??? Easy to identify the characteristic of animalia.

Coelentrata/Cnidaria

Animalia Cnidaria

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Cubozoa

Anthozoa

Hydra sp.

Obelia sp.

Cnidaria
The name Cnidaria refers to the specialized cells called cnidocytes (Greek knide = nettle) which are unique to this phylum. Includes a diverse group of about 10,000 living species.

Cnidaria
Unique Characteristics
Most are marine Has specialized cells called cnidocytes that contain stinging cells to catch prey. Solitary or colonies.

Body: Radially symetrical, hollow sac with mouth and surrounding tentacles.
Mouth leads to gastrovascular cavity. [gastro = stomach; vascul = a little vessel]

Two Body Shapes

Polyps : Polyp form represented by Hydra Cylindrical form. Dorsal mouth surrounded by tentacles Medusae : Mouth located in the lower surface. The tentacles of medusa dangle from the oral surface which points downwards

Two Body Shapes

Two Body Shapes

Polyps (many footed) : -Cylindrical body.

-Top opening surrounded

by tentacles. -Sessile (attached to something). eg. Hydra &sea anemone

b) Medusa (jellyfish)

:
-An umbrella-shaped

body.
-Bottom opening surrounded by tentacles. - Float freely in water. eg. Jelly fish.

Hydrozoa : Hydra sp- Polyp type

Stinging capsule Containing Cnidocyte.

Stinging cell Release coiled thread to inject toxin when stimulated.

Hydrozoa : Obelia sp. - Polyp & medusa type

Reproductive polyp lack tentacles and produce tiny medusa by asexual budding. Life cycle showing alternation of sexual and asexual stages. Asexual stage : A polyp colony composed of 2 types of polyp a) reproductive polyp b) feeding polyp Feeding polyp are equipped with tentacles Sexual stage : ~ A male medusa produce sperm ~ A female medusa produce egg

Obelia sp.: Life Cycle & Reproduction (Asexual & Sexual)

Life cycle of Obelia sp.

Reproductive polyp lack tentacles and produce tiny medusa by asexual budding. Feeding polyp are equipped with tentacles.

Life cycle of Obelia sp.

The medusa swim off and male medusa produces sperm. Female medusa produces eggs.Fertilization is external. The zygote develops into a solid cilliated larva known as planula. The planula eventually settles and develop into a new polyp. The polyp stage is asexual.

Welcome to Porifera World

SPONGE

 Mostly marine, but include some freshwater inhabitant Usually found attached to the substratum in shallow or deep water. Obtain their food by filter feeding

 Multicellular Body with pores (ostia) No organs or true tissues. No nervous system

Skeleton of calcareous spicules, siliceous spicules, spongin or a combination.

ANATOMY OF SPONGE

PARTS OF SPONGE
Mesophyll Epidermis

DESCRIPTION The wall of this sponge consist of two layer of separated by gelatinous matrix. The outer layer consist of tightly packed epidermal cell. Water enter the epidermis through pores formed by doughnut shaped cell that span the body wall. Water passing through pores enter a cavity called the spongocoel The spongocoel is lined with flagellated cell called choanocytes The movement of choanocytes flagellum also draws water through its collar of fingerlike projection. Food particles are trapped in the mucus coating the projection , engulfed by phagocytosis, either digest or transferred to amoebocytes

Pores

Spongocoel

Choanocytes

REPRODUCTION IN SPONGE

 Mostly sperm are hermaphrodites

Almost all sponge exhibits sequential hermaphroditism, functioning first as one sex and then as the other. Sponge gametes arises from choanocytes or amoebocytes.

 Egg reside in the mesophyl but sperm are carried out of the sponge by water current.
Cross-fertilization result from some of the sperm being drawn into neighboring individual. Fertilization occur in the mesophyl

Uses of Sponge
Produce a variety of antibiotic and other defensive compounds.
Researchers are now isolating these compound, which hold promise for fighting human diseases.

Other sponge derived compound are being tested as possible anticancer agent

Sponge Taxonomy
Class Calcarea (Calcispongidae)

Only sponges that possess spicules composed of calcium carbonate. Spicules are straight or have 3-4 rays, and do not have hollow axial canals. Today, their diversity is greatest in the tropics, predominantly in shallow waters

Taxonomy cont.

Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)

Glass sponges; characterized by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles Widely viewed as an early branch within the Porifera

Taxonomy cont.

Class Demospongiae

Greater than 90 percent of the 5,000 known living sponge species are demosponges. Demosponge skeletons are composed of spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules Siliceous spicules with one to four rays not at right angles, All members express the leuconoid body form
Yellow sponge growing on a wall on a Caribbean reef.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Body flattened Bilateral symmetrical Acoelomate Body have 3 layers of tissue with organs and organelles (tripoblastic) Unsegmented free living or parasitic

 Predatory if free living and absorptive if parasitic Have mouth and no anus
Have osmoregulatory system Have simple nervous system with concentration of ganglia in anterior region

 Movement in some is controlled by longitudinal, circular and oblique layers of muscle and others move along slime trails by the beating of epidermal cilia

Live on land, both fresh and marine waters as well as inside other animals
Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites and asexual by means of binary fission

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Cestoda

Class Turbellaria
Free living Aquatic animals mainly marine Delicate, soft body Outer surface cover with cilia for locomotion Has one opening which function both as mouth and anus Sense organs available in adults Typically carnivorous Example : Planaria sp.

Class trematoda
Endoparasitic or ectoparasitic may require intermediate host Leaf-like shape Usually ventral sucker in addition to sucker on head for attachment to host Thick cuticle with spines for protection No cilia in adult as locomotion is not needed because not parasitic Has one opening both as mouth and anus Sense organs only in free living larval stages Example : Fasciola sp.

Class cestoda
Endoparasitic Elongated body divided into proglottids which are able to break off as eggs produced within proglottids Suckers and hook on head for attachment to host Thick cuticle for protection No digestion required as they absorb nutrients from host Sense organ only in free living larval stages Example : Tania saginata

Phylum Body Cavity (Coleom) Body symetry Body plan (derm layer) Segmentation

Porifera Acoelomate Asymetry No No

Cnidaria Acoelomate Radial diploblastic No

platyhelminthes Acoelomate Bilateral Tripboblastic No

Unique characteristic

Choanocytes

Cnidocyte, gastrovascular cavity (incomplete digestive tract with a mout but no anus)

Dorsoventrally flattened, gastrovascular cavity