Prinsip Kerja Antena

Definition
Websters Dictionary:
a usually metallic device for
radiating or receiving radio waves

IEEE:
a means for radiating or receiving
radio waves
jarak
Bidang
referensi
Reactive
nearfield
Mixture of
wave types
Single
wave type
Nearfield
region
Far-Field
region
Antena
D
E
: diameter
aperture antenna
How Antennas Radiate
This disturbance is created by
a time-varying current source
that has an accelerated charge
distribution associated with it.
If charges are accelerated back and forth (i.e. oscillate), a
regular disturbance is created and radiation is continuous
Antennas are designed to support charge oscillations
Radiation is a disturbance in the electromagnetic
fields that propagates away from the source of the
disturbance
To create
radiation,
there must be
a time varying
current or an
acceleration(or
decceleration)
of charge.
Facts from Physics: Accelerated
Charges Radiate
Since accelerated charge produces radiation, it follows from
this equation that time-changing current produces radiation
v q

Current :
dt
dz
q I
l
=
then :
qv
dt
dz
l q Il
l
= =
v q
dt
dv
q l
dt
dI
= =
or
next
v q l I

=
What is the BIG question?
Given the distribution of time-varying current, find
the radiation characteristics of the antenna
S

Wire Antenna
Radiation
Pattern
Reflector Antenna
Time varying
current element
creates
accelerated
charges and
radiation occurs
The overall antenna radiation performance can be
obtained by the superposition (in vector) sense of the
elementary current elements
Four Laws
Maxwells equations in integral form are a set
of FOUR LAWS resulting from several
experimental findings and a purely
mathematical contribution.
Faradays Law
Amperes Circuital Law
Gausss Law for the Electrical Field
Gausss Law for the Magnetic Field

Faradays Law
The electromotive force around a closed
path is equal to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the path

} }
=
S C
dS
dt
d
dl B E
Amperes Circuital Law
The magnetomotive force around a closed
path is equal to the algebraic sum of the
current due to the flow of charges and the
displacement current bounded by the path

| |
} }
+ =
S
S
C
C
dS
dt
d
I dl D H
Displacement
current introduced
by Maxwell
| |
}
=
S
S
C
dS I J
Current due to
flow of free
charges
} } }
+ =
S S C
dS
dt
d
dS dl D J H
Gauss Law for Electric Field
The displacement flux emanating from a
closed surface is equal to the charge
contained within the volume.
The volume bounded by the surface S,
| |
} }
= =
V S
V
dv Q dS D
E D c =
Free
charge
Charge
density
} }
=
V S
dv dS D
Gauss Law for Magnetic Field
The magnetic flux emanating from a closed
surface is equal to zero
0 =
}
S
dS B
Note that Gauss Law for
magnetic field is consistent
with Faradays Law
} }
=
1 1
1
S C
dS
dt
d
dl B E
} }
=
2 2
2
S C
dS
dt
d
dl B E
}
+
=
2 1
0
S S
dS
dt
d
B
Law of Conservation of Charge
The net current due to flow of charge emanating
from a closed surface is equal to the time rate of
decreases of the charge within the volume
bounded by the surface
} }
=
V S
dv
dt
d
dS J
} }
} }
=
=
S S
V S
dS dS
dt
d
dv dS
J D
D
Amperes Law
Gauss Law
Maxwells Equations in Integral
Form
0 =
=
+ =
=
}
} }
} } }
} }
S
V S
S S C
S C
dS
dv dS
dS
dt
d
dS dl
dS
dt
d
dl
B
D
D J H
B E

Gauss Law
Amperes Law
Faradays Law
Gauss Law
} }
=
V S
dv
dt
d
dS J
Law of Conservation of Charge
REVIEW OF MAXWELL EQUATION


V x E = - jeB (FARADAYS LAW)

V x H = jeD + J (AMPERES LAW)

V . D = (GAUSSS LAW)

V . B = 0 (CONTINUITY OF
MAGNETIC FLUX)

V . J = - je (CONTINUITY LAW)

An Elegant Way to Solve Radiation
Problem from Maxwells Equations
e
c

ec
e
j
j
j
= V
= V
= V
+ = V
= V
J
B
E
J E H
H E
0
known
A B V = A B H V = =

1 1
Vector potential yet
to be determined
Time-harmonic Maxwells Eqs.
in homogeneous and isotropic
medium
0 = V V A
Vector
calculus
identity
observe that
0 ) ( = + V A E e j
u V = + A E e j
then
Vector
calculus
identity
observe
0 = u V V
scalar potential yet
to be determined
Find E & H ! 1
2
3
J A A A ec c e = V + u V + V ) (
2 2
j
A H V =

1
An Elegant Way to Solve Radiation
Problem from Maxwells Equations
J E H + = V ec j
m.e.
2
J E A + = V V ec

j
1
A A A
2
) ( V V V = V V
vector calculus identity
u V A e j 3
then
u V = A E e j 3
c

= V E
c

e = u V V ) ( A j
then
u V
2
u V = u V V
2
4
5
m.e.
c

e = V + u V A j
2
Note: Equation (4) and (5) are coupled !!
vector calculus identity
Lorentz Condition (or Gauge)
To uncouple previous equations Lorentz condition
is introduced:
0 = u + V ec j A
then

c
|
|
1
2 2
2 2
= u + u V
= + V J A A
c e | =
propagation
constant
These are vector and
scalar wave equations !
Observation: these differential equations relate the
electromagnetic potentials to sources
Solution of the Wave Equation
Vector wave eq.
for vector potential
J A A | = + V
2 2
vector
vector
In Cartesian Coordinates :
)
( )
( )
(
2 2
z y x z y x z y x
J z J y J x A z A y A x A z A y A x + + = + + + + + V |
z y x
A z A y A x
2 2 2

V + V + V
only true for Cartesian
coordinates
Equating
each
component :
z z z
y y y
x x x
J A A
J A A
J A A
|
|
|
= + V
= + V
= + V
2 2
2 2
2 2
three scalar
wave equations
Question : How to solve scalar wave eq. in unbounded space?
Solution of Scalar Wave Eq. in Unbounded Space
Source at the Origin (1)
Let us first seek
solution for the
source at origin :
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
r r g r g

o | = + V
delta function
delta scalar
source at the
origin
Due to the obvious
spherical symmetry:
x
) ( ) , , ( ) ( r g r g r g = = | u

y
z
does not
depend on
and
u
|
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
r r g r g o | = + V then :
Scalar Laplacian in
spherical coordinates :
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
sin
1
) (sin
sin
1
) (
1
| u u
u
u u c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= V
g
r
g
r
g
r
r
r r
g
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 2
r r g
r
g
r
r r
o | = +
c
c
c
c
then :
x
Solution of Scalar Wave Eq. in Unbounded Space
Source at the Origin (2)
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 2
r r g
r
g
r
r r
o | = +
c
c
c
c
From partial differential
eq. to ordinary
differential eq.
partial derivatives
Since is only a
function of (i.e. not ), then : r
) (r g
r

dr
r dg
r
g ) (
=
c
c
ordinary
derivatives
Finally:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 2
r r g
dr
dg
r
dr
d
r
o | = +
(

+
2
2
2
2
1
dr
g d
r
dr
dg
r
r
this is a second order linear
ordinary differential eq. with
variable coefficients
Solution of Scalar Wave Eq. in Unbounded Space
Source at the Origin (3)
) ( ) ( )
) (
(
1
2 2
r r g
dr
r dg
r
dr
d
r
o | = + Recall:
This second order
differential eq. can
admit two solutions:
r
e
r j
t
|
4

r
e
r j
t
|
4
or
these two solutions are
linearly independent
Which one should
we use ?
The one which gives outgoing wave for
time dependence
t j
e
e
Outgoing and Incoming Waves
Physical
quantity
) cos(
4
1
)
4
Re( r t
r r
e
e
r j
t j
| e
t t
|
e
=

real part
Wave amplitude decays as
r
1
c e
Note: characterizes an outgoing wave ) cos( r t | e
Wave front:
c
|
e
| e
1
velocity . cost = = = =
dt
dr
r t

t
|
2
= = =
f
c
cT
Note: characterizes an incoming wave
y
z
y
z
) cos( r t | e +
C, speed of light
wavelength period
We use outgoing wave for unbounded space !
x
x
Solution of Scalar Wave Eq.
Source not at the Origin
observation point
y
z
x
r

source at the origin

r
e
r g
r j
t
|
4
) (

=
observation
point
y
z
x
r

Source not at the origin

' r

' r r R

=
' 4 4
) ' , (
'
r r
e
R
e
r r g
r r j
R j

= =

t t
|
|
Note : length of vector
' r r R

=
R

Therefore,
) ' ( ) ' , ( ) ' , (
2 2
r r r r g r r g

= + V o |
2 2 2
) ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ( ' z z y y x x r r + + =

Note:
Solution of the Vector Wave eq.
for Vector Potential A

V
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
J
J
J
A
A
A
A
A
A
|
2 2
Recall:
Recall:
) ' ( ) ' , ( ) ' , (
2 2
r r r r g r r g

= + V o |
three scalar
wave equations
usually called
Greens function
By the argument of
the superposition
'
4
dv
R
e
J
J
J
A
A
A
R j
z
y
x
z
y
x
t

|
}

)

' r r

'
' 4
) ' (
ion source_reg
over_the
'
dv
r r
e
r
r r j
}

=

t
|
J A
or in a
vector form
y
z
x
r

' r

source region
over the source region
From Vector Potential to
& Fields
A
E
H
Recall :
) (
1
) ( r r

A H V =

| | ) ( ) (
1
) ( r r
j
r

J H E V =
ec
From M.E. :
Recall :
'
' 4
) ' (
ion source_reg
over_the
'
dv
r r
e
r
r r j
}

=

t
|
J A
only exist at
the source
region
Observation: This is the answer to our BIG question !
Far Field Approximations
In many practical situation, the obervation point is typically
quite far away from the source region, simplified results can
be constructed.
y
z
x
r

' r

source region

o
r r r
r
r
r
r
r r r r R R '
'
'
' cos ' = = ~ =

o
r
r
r
r

'
'
r r j
r j r r r j R j
e
r
e
r r r
e
R
e
'
) ' (
4 )

' ( 4 4

~

=

|
| | |
t t t
much smaller than r
' ) ' (
4
'
dv e r
r
e
r r j
r j

}
~

|
|
t
J A
Far field
approximation:
Very important result !
E & H fields:
);

( | u e
| u
A A j + ~ E
E H = r

1
q
Macam-macam bentuk
Antena
Macam-macam
bentuk Antena
Macam-macam
bentuk Antena
Mekanisme radiasi pada
patch mikrostrip
Antenna Classification (1)
Antenna Classification (2)
Antenna Classification (3)
Antenna Classification (4)
ON FREE-SPACE ENVIRONMENT,
THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATION :

D = c
0
E

B =
0
H


WHERE :

c
0
= 1/36t x 10
-9
| F / m|


0
= 4 x 10
-7
| H / m|

BOUNDARY CONDITION

PERFECT CONDUCTOR

n x E = 0 Surface tangential component of E is
continuous across the
boundary

n . H = 0 No magnetic flux penetrates into the
conductor

n x H = Js Surface current density flows on the
conductor

n . D = Flux lines of D terminate on the
charge since there is no field
within the conductor

IMPERFECT CONDUCTOR

INFLUENCED BY SKIN DEPTH AS:

o
s
= (2 / e
0
o)
1/2


n x E = Z
s
n x J
s

Where : Z
s
is surface impedance

Z
s
= (1 + j) / oo
s
[ ohm / square ]

BOUNDARY BETWEEN TWO
DIELECTRIC MEDIA

At the boundary the tangential field
component are aqual on adjacent sides
:

n x E
1
= n x E
2

n x H
1
= n x H
2


Normal electric flux is continuous :

n . D
1
= n . D
2