ME-102 Engineering Graphics

Lecture #: 10

Geometric Tolerance

Lecture By: Muftooh Ur Rehman Research Associate Office # G-17 - FME Email: muftooh@giki.edu.pk

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology

Geometric Tolerance
No component can practically be manufactured to exact dimensions (sizes). Tolerances are used to control the variation that exists on all manufactured parts. It is the amount, each part is allowed to vary depending upon the function of the part and assembly.

Toleranced dimensions control the amount of variation on each part of an assembly.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Interchangeable Parts
Modern mass production manufacturing systems is based on producing large quantities of interchangeable parts. When different parts are assembled, they must fit together and function correctly. All the parts are produced within a certain limits set by engineers. A limit is the amount a part can be oversize or undersize and still be usable. Tolerance is the amount of error permitted in making a product or its parts. The tolerance are specified in the engineering drawings.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Relation b/w Tolerance and Cost

The more accuracy needed in a machined part, the higher the manufacturing cost. Tolerances must be specified in such a way that a product functions as it should at a cost that is reasonable. Tolerance should be as wide as possible, as the satisfactory design function permits.

Approximate relationship between production cost and manufacturing tolerance

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Important Terms
Nominal Size: A dimension used to describe the general size. Basic Size: The theoretical size used as a starting point for the application of tolerance. Actual Size: The measured size of the finished part after machining. Limits: The maximum and minimum sizes shown by the tolerance dimension. Allowance: The minimum clearance or maximum interference between parts, or the tightest fit b/w two mating parts.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Important Terms
Maximum material condition (MMC): The condition of the part when it contains the greatest amount of material. The MMC of an external feature (such as shaft), is the upper limit. The MMC of an internal feature (such as a hole), is the lower limit. Why?? Least material condition (LMC): The condition of a part when it contains the least amount of material possible. The LMC of an external feature is the lower limit. The LMC of an internal feature, is the upper limit. Why??
Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute Page 6 of 17

Important Terms
LMC Condition MMC Condition

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Direction Tolerancing Methods

a) Limit dimensioning

b) Plus minus tolerancing (Next Slide)

Bilateral Tolerance Unilateral Tolerance

c) Geometric tolerance directly applied to features (Next Lecture)

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute Page 8 of 17

Bilateral Tolerance
A bilateral tolerance varies in both direction from the basic size. If the variation is equal in both direction, then the variation is preceded by symbol.

The approach is used when the two variations are equal.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Unilateral Tolerance
When the tolerance value is specified in only one direction from the basic size it is know as unilateral tolerance.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Other Approaches
Tolerance specified in a tabulated manner.

Tolerance can be specified in a general way to cover for a wide range of dimensions

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Types of Fits
The degree of tightness between mating parts is called fit.
Clearance Fit: In which the shaft is always smaller than the hole into which it fits. A clearance fit always has a gap between the two mating parts. Interference Fit: In which the shaft is always bigger than the hole into which it fits. Interference fits always overlap and are used mainly for press fits where the two parts are pushed together, and require no other fasteners.

Clearance fits - allowance always positive

Interference fits - allowance always negative, Why??

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Types of Fits
Transition Fit: In which the shaft may be either bigger or smaller than the hole into which it fits it will therefore be possible to get interference or clearance fits in one group of assemblies. This type of fit may result in interference, or clearance. This type of fit can be used for items such as snap fits, What are they??
Transition fitallowance may be positive or negative

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Types of Fits
The two bases for a system of limits and fits: (a) The hole basis (b) The shaft basis
Hole Basis: Hole diameter constant. Shaft diameter varies. Economical as only a single drill will be uses Shaft Basis: Hole diameter varies. Shaft diameter constant. Tends to be costly, as more then one drill is required.

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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Determining Fits
The loosest fit is the difference between the smallest feature A and the largest feature B. The tightest fit is the difference b/w the largest feature A and the smallest feature B. Study BOOK Only Projection of lines (04), Dimensioning (05), Engineering geometry included (07) included in final
Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute Page 15 of 17

An engineer creates that never was. So it is all about creativity. How will you help the society through Engineering????

Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi, RA-FME, GIK Institute

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